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3G — Third Generation cellular systems

Names a generation of cellular system families.

4G — Fourth Generation cellular systems

Names a cellular generation associated with mobile broadband evolution.

5G — Fifth Generation cellular systems

Names a cellular generation supporting diverse radio and core-network capabilities.

5G NR — Fifth Generation New Radio

Defines the 5G radio access technology.

AC — Alternating Current

Describes current that reverses direction periodically.

ACPI — Advanced Configuration and Power Interface

Coordinates hardware configuration and power management with the OS.

ADC — Analog-to-Digital Converter

Converts analog measurements into digital values.

AGP — Accelerated Graphics Port

Connects graphics cards on older PCs through a dedicated legacy port.

AHCI — Advanced Host Controller Interface

Defines a host programming interface commonly used with SATA controllers.

ALU — Arithmetic Logic Unit

Performs arithmetic and logical operations inside a processor.

AMOLED — Active-Matrix Organic Light-Emitting Diode

Controls OLED pixels using an active transistor matrix.

APU — Accelerated Processing Unit

AMD branding for processors combining CPU and graphics capabilities.

AR — Augmented Reality

Overlays digital information on a view of the physical environment.

ATX — Advanced Technology Extended

Defines a PC platform family including board and power supply conventions.

BGA — Ball Grid Array

Packages an integrated circuit using an array of solder-ball connections.

BIOS — Basic Input/Output System

Initializes hardware and starts a legacy PC boot process.

CAMM2 — Compression Attached Memory Module 2

Defines a memory module standard using compression-attached connections.

CCFL — Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp

Provides fluorescent backlighting in older LCD displays.

CDMA — Code Division Multiple Access

Separates users through distinct coding schemes.

CephFS — Ceph File System

Provides a distributed filesystem backed by Ceph.

CISC — Complex Instruction Set Computer

Uses an instruction-set design with relatively complex operations.

CMOS — Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor

Names a semiconductor technology associated with legacy PC settings memory.

CPU — Central Processing Unit

Executes general-purpose program instructions.

CU — Control Unit

Directs instruction execution and coordinates processor operations.

DAC (electronics) — Digital-to-Analog Converter

Converts digital values into analog signals.

DC — Direct Current

Describes current with a single direction of flow.

DDR — Double Data Rate

Transfers data on both edges of a memory clock.

DDR1 — Double Data Rate first generation

Names the original DDR SDRAM generation in comparison with later families.

DDR2 — Double Data Rate 2

Identifies the second DDR SDRAM generation.

DDR3 — Double Data Rate 3

Identifies the third DDR SDRAM generation.

DDR4 — Double Data Rate 4

Identifies the fourth DDR SDRAM generation.

DDR5 — Double Data Rate 5

Identifies the fifth DDR SDRAM generation.

DIMM — Dual In-line Memory Module

Packages memory with distinct contacts on each side.

DP — DisplayPort

Carries digital display and audio streams.

DP 1.2 — DisplayPort 1.2

Names a DisplayPort generation supporting HBR2 and multi-stream transport.

DP 1.4 — DisplayPort 1.4

Names a DisplayPort generation adding support for features including DSC.

DP 2.0 — DisplayPort 2.0

Introduces ultra-high-bit-rate DisplayPort link modes.

DP 2.1b — DisplayPort 2.1b

Updates DisplayPort requirements and cable support.

DPI — Dots Per Inch

Measures dot density in printing or a related device setting.

DRAM — Dynamic Random Access Memory

Stores bits in cells that need periodic refresh.

DSI — Display Serial Interface

Connects processors and displays through a MIPI display interface family.

DSP — Digital Signal Processor

Processes sampled signals such as audio and radio data.

DVD — Digital Versatile Disc

Stores data on an optical disc format.

DVI — Digital Visual Interface

Connects displays using digital and, in some variants, analog signaling.

DVI-D — Digital Visual Interface Digital

Carries digital DVI video signals.

DVI-I — Digital Visual Interface Integrated

Combines digital and analog DVI signaling capability.

ECC — Error-Correcting Code

Detects and corrects supported classes of memory errors.

EDGE — Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

Enhances GSM-family packet data performance.

eDP — embedded DisplayPort

Connects internal displays using an embedded DisplayPort interface.

EEPROM — Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory

Retains information that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.

eMMC — embedded MultiMediaCard

Provides managed flash storage integrated into a device.

ESD — Electrostatic Discharge

Describes a sudden transfer of built-up static charge.

eSIM — embedded Subscriber Identity Module

Enables supported devices to use remotely provisioned subscription profiles.

eUICC — embedded Universal Integrated Circuit Card

Supports secure remote provisioning and management of subscription profiles.

FC — Fibre Channel

Carries high-performance storage networking traffic.

FCoE — Fibre Channel over Ethernet

Encapsulates Fibre Channel traffic over supported Ethernet fabrics.

FHD — Full High Definition

Commonly identifies a 1920 by 1080 display resolution.

FLOPS — Floating-Point Operations Per Second

Measures a rate of floating-point computation.

FPU — Floating-Point Unit

Performs floating-point arithmetic.

GDDR — Graphics Double Data Rate

Provides memory optimized for graphics workloads.

GPIO — General-Purpose Input/Output

Provides configurable digital input and output signals.

GPRS — General Packet Radio Service

Adds packet data services to GSM networks.

GPT — GUID Partition Table

Uses globally unique identifiers in a modern disk partition layout.

GPU — Graphics Processing Unit

Processes graphics and highly parallel computational workloads.

GSM — Global System for Mobile Communications

Names a widely deployed second-generation cellular technology family.

GUID — Globally Unique Identifier

Identifies objects using a large identifier space.

HBA — Host Bus Adapter

Connects a host to a peripheral or storage interconnect.

HDD — Hard Disk Drive

Stores data on rotating magnetic disks.

HDMI — High-Definition Multimedia Interface

Carries digital video and audio between compatible devices.

HDMI 1.4 — High-Definition Multimedia Interface 1.4

Names an HDMI generation associated with features including Audio Return Channel.

HDMI 2.0 — High-Definition Multimedia Interface 2.0

Names an HDMI generation with up to 18 Gb/s bandwidth.

HDMI 2.1 — High-Definition Multimedia Interface 2.1

Defines HDMI features including higher-bandwidth link modes.

HDMI 2.2 — High-Definition Multimedia Interface 2.2

Defines an HDMI generation supporting up to 96 Gb/s link bandwidth.

HDR — High Dynamic Range

Supports a wider range of luminance and color representation than SDR.

HPC — High-Performance Computing

Uses substantial computing resources for demanding workloads.

HSPA — High Speed Packet Access

Enhances packet data in UMTS networks.

I/O — Input/Output

Describes data exchange with peripherals or other system interfaces.

I2C — Inter-Integrated Circuit

Connects integrated circuits using a shared clocked two-wire interface.

IC — Integrated Circuit

Integrates electronic components into a semiconductor circuit.

ICCID — Integrated Circuit Card Identifier

Identifies a SIM or subscription profile.

IDE — Integrated Drive Electronics

Describes the drive-controller integration historically associated with ATA drives.

iGPU — Integrated Graphics Processing Unit

Provides graphics processing integrated with the processor or SoC.

IMEI — International Mobile Equipment Identity

Identifies mobile equipment to cellular systems.

IMSI — International Mobile Subscriber Identity

Identifies a mobile subscriber within cellular systems.

IOMMU — Input/Output Memory Management Unit

Translates and constrains supported device memory-access operations.

IOPS — Input/Output Operations Per Second

Measures the rate of storage operations.

IPS — In-Plane Switching

Names an LCD panel technology using in-plane liquid-crystal switching.

ISA — Instruction Set Architecture

Defines the instructions and programmer-visible behavior of a processor family.

iSCSI — Internet Small Computer System Interface

Transports SCSI commands over TCP/IP.

JBOD — Just a Bunch of Disks

Describes exposing or aggregating disks without a RAID redundancy scheme implied by the term.

LCD — Liquid Crystal Display

Modulates light using a liquid-crystal layer.

LED — Light-Emitting Diode

Emits light when electrically driven.

LPCAMM2 — Low-Power Compression Attached Memory Module 2

Packages low-power memory in a compression-attached module.

LPDDR — Low-Power Double Data Rate

Reduces memory power consumption for mobile and compact devices.

LPDDR4 — Low-Power Double Data Rate 4

Identifies a low-power DRAM generation for mobile and embedded devices.

LPDDR4X — Low-Power Double Data Rate 4X

Extends LPDDR4 with lower-power signaling characteristics.

LPDDR5 — Low-Power Double Data Rate 5

Identifies a later low-power DRAM generation.

LPDDR5X — Low-Power Double Data Rate 5X

Extends the LPDDR5 family with higher-performance capabilities.

LTE — Long Term Evolution

Defines a cellular technology family associated with 4G networks.

LTE-A — Long Term Evolution Advanced

Enhances LTE with capabilities such as carrier aggregation.

LUN — Logical Unit Number

Identifies a logical storage unit.

LVDS — Low-Voltage Differential Signaling

Carries signals using a low-voltage difference between paired conductors.

M.2 — M.2 form factor designation

Defines compact expansion module dimensions and connector arrangements.

MBR — Master Boot Record

Stores legacy boot code and a partition table at a disk's beginning.

microLED — Microscopic Light-Emitting Diode

Uses tiny inorganic emissive LED elements for display pixels.

microSD — micro Secure Digital

Packages SD storage in a very small removable card.

mini-LED — Miniature Light-Emitting Diode

Uses smaller LEDs, often in an LCD backlight with many dimming zones.

MIPI — Mobile Industry Processor Interface

Names an industry alliance and interface specification family for embedded and mobile systems.

MMU — Memory Management Unit

Translates virtual memory addresses and enforces memory protections.

NAS — Network Attached Storage

Shares file storage over a network.

NFS — Network File System

Provides network filesystem access through a defined protocol family.

NPU — Neural Processing Unit

Accelerates selected neural-network operations.

NUMA — Non-Uniform Memory Access

Describes systems where memory-access cost varies by processor locality.

NVMe — Non-Volatile Memory Express

Provides a storage command interface designed for nonvolatile memory over PCIe.

ODD — Optical Disc Drive

Reads or writes supported optical discs.

OLED — Organic Light-Emitting Diode

Uses organic emissive elements to create light at pixels.

PATA — Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment

Connects older drives using parallel ATA ribbon cables.

PCB — Printed Circuit Board

Provides mechanical support and electrical interconnections for components.

PCI — Peripheral Component Interconnect

Connects peripherals using a legacy shared parallel bus.

PCIe — Peripheral Component Interconnect Express

Connects devices using high-speed serial point-to-point links.

PCIe 1.0 — Peripheral Component Interconnect Express 1.0

Defines the first PCIe generation with 2.5 GT/s signaling.

PCIe 2.0 — Peripheral Component Interconnect Express 2.0

Defines a PCIe generation with 5 GT/s signaling.

PCIe 3.0 — Peripheral Component Interconnect Express 3.0

Identifies a PCIe generation operating at 8 GT/s per lane.

PCIe 4.0 — Peripheral Component Interconnect Express 4.0

Identifies a PCIe generation operating at 16 GT/s per lane.

PCIe 5.0 — Peripheral Component Interconnect Express 5.0

Identifies a PCIe generation operating at 32 GT/s per lane.

PCIe 6.0 — Peripheral Component Interconnect Express 6.0

Identifies a PCIe generation with 64 GT/s signaling and PAM4.

PCIe 7.0 — Peripheral Component Interconnect Express 7.0

Defines a PCIe generation with 128 GT/s signaling.

POST — Power-On Self-Test

Runs startup hardware checks.

PPI — Pixels Per Inch

Measures display pixel density.

PPS — Programmable Power Supply

Allows adjustable voltage and current within supported USB PD ranges.

PSU — Power Supply Unit

Converts input power into regulated outputs for components.

PWM — Pulse-Width Modulation

Controls average power by varying pulse on-time.

PXE — Preboot Execution Environment

Boots a machine using network-delivered startup resources.

QHD — Quad High Definition

Commonly identifies a 2560 by 1440 display resolution.

RADOS — Reliable Autonomic Distributed Object Store

Provides Ceph's distributed object-storage foundation.

RAID — Redundant Array of Independent Disks

Combines disks for selected performance or availability goals.

RAID 0 — Redundant Array of Independent Disks level 0

Stripes data across multiple disks for supported performance or capacity goals.

RAID 1 — Redundant Array of Independent Disks level 1

Mirrors data across supported member disks.

RAID 10 — Redundant Array of Independent Disks level 10

Stripes data across mirrored groups in a nested layout.

RAID 5 — Redundant Array of Independent Disks level 5

Stripes data with distributed single-parity information.

RAID 6 — Redundant Array of Independent Disks level 6

Stripes data with dual distributed parity information.

RAIN — Redundant Array of Independent Nodes

Distributes redundancy across independent system nodes.

RAM — Random Access Memory

Holds active program data for rapid read and write access.

RBD — RADOS Block Device

Exposes block devices backed by Ceph RADOS storage.

RISC — Reduced Instruction Set Computer

Uses an instruction-set design emphasizing relatively simple operations.

ROM — Read-Only Memory

Stores data intended to persist with limited or no normal modification.

RTC — Real-Time Clock

Keeps system time while the main system is off.

SAN — Storage Area Network

Provides a dedicated storage network, often exposing block devices.

SAS — Serial Attached SCSI

Connects enterprise storage using serial SCSI transport.

SATA — Serial Advanced Technology Attachment

Connects storage devices through a serial ATA interface.

SCSI — Small Computer System Interface

Defines a family of commands and interfaces for peripheral devices.

SD — Secure Digital

Names a family of removable flash memory cards.

SDR — Standard Dynamic Range

Describes conventional dynamic-range image formats.

SDRAM — Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory

Coordinates DRAM transfers with a clock.

SIM — Subscriber Identity Module

Stores credentials used to identify and authenticate a mobile subscription.

SMART — Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology

Reports drive health and operating attributes.

SMT — Simultaneous Multithreading

Allows a core to execute work from multiple hardware threads.

SO-DIMM — Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module

Packages removable memory in a compact form often used in laptops.

SoC — System on a Chip

Integrates processing and other system functions on one chip.

SPD — Serial Presence Detect

Stores module information used to configure supported memory settings.

SPI — Serial Peripheral Interface

Connects controllers and peripherals using synchronous serial signaling.

SR-IOV — Single Root I/O Virtualization

Exposes virtual functions from a supported PCIe device to separate workloads.

SRAM — Static Random Access Memory

Stores bits without periodic refresh while powered.

SSD — Solid-State Drive

Stores data using nonvolatile solid-state memory.

TDP — Thermal Design Power

Describes a processor's thermal design target under vendor-defined conditions.

TFT — Thin-Film Transistor

Switches individual display elements in active-matrix panels.

Thunderbolt 1 — Thunderbolt generation 1 brand designation

Names the first Thunderbolt connectivity generation using a Mini DisplayPort-shaped connector.

Thunderbolt 2 — Thunderbolt generation 2 brand designation

Combines channels to support up to 20 Gb/s connectivity.

Thunderbolt 3 — Thunderbolt generation 3 brand designation

Provides a high-speed connection using USB-C connectors.

Thunderbolt 4 — Thunderbolt generation 4 brand designation

Defines a certified connectivity generation with stronger minimum requirements.

Thunderbolt 5 — Thunderbolt generation 5 brand designation

Supports 80 Gb/s bidirectional connectivity and a display-focused bandwidth-boost mode.

TN — Twisted Nematic

Names an LCD panel technology using twisted liquid crystals.

TOPS — Tera Operations Per Second

Expresses a rate of a trillion counted operations per second.

TPM — Trusted Platform Module

Protects keys and supports platform trust measurements.

TPU — Tensor Processing Unit

Accelerates tensor computations in Google's processor family.

UART — Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter

Converts between parallel data and asynchronous serial communication.

UEFI — Unified Extensible Firmware Interface

Defines a modern interface between platform firmware and the operating system.

UFS — Universal Flash Storage

Provides a serial managed-flash storage standard used in mobile devices.

UHD — Ultra High Definition

Names a family of high-resolution formats including 3840 by 2160.

UMTS — Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

Names a third-generation mobile telecommunications system.

UPS — Uninterruptible Power Supply

Provides temporary power when input power fails.

USB — Universal Serial Bus

Connects hosts and peripherals using a serial interface family.

USB 1.1 — Universal Serial Bus 1.1

Supports legacy low-speed and full-speed USB operation up to 12 Mb/s.

USB 2.0 — Universal Serial Bus 2.0

Adds high-speed USB signaling up to 480 Mb/s.

USB 3.0 — Universal Serial Bus 3.0

Names the original 5 Gb/s SuperSpeed USB specification.

USB 3.1 — Universal Serial Bus 3.1

Names a USB specification revision associated with Gen 1 and Gen 2 speed labels.

USB 3.2 Gen 1 — Universal Serial Bus 3.2 Generation 1

Names the 5 Gb/s USB signaling tier formerly called USB 3.0.

USB 3.2 Gen 2 — Universal Serial Bus 3.2 Generation 2

Names the 10 Gb/s USB signaling tier.

USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 — Universal Serial Bus 3.2 Generation 2 by 2

Uses two 10 Gb/s lanes for a 20 Gb/s USB tier.

USB PD — Universal Serial Bus Power Delivery

Negotiates supported power delivery between devices.

USB-A — Universal Serial Bus Type-A

Names the familiar rectangular USB connector family.

USB-B — Universal Serial Bus Type-B

Names USB device connector families commonly seen on printers.

USB-C — Universal Serial Bus Type-C

Defines a reversible connector used for data and power.

USB4 — Universal Serial Bus 4

Defines a USB architecture that can tunnel multiple protocols over USB-C.

USB4 v2 — Universal Serial Bus 4 Version 2.0

Extends USB4 to support an 80 Gb/s signaling tier.

UUID — Universally Unique Identifier

Defines a standardized identifier format and versioned generation schemes.

VA — Vertical Alignment

Names an LCD panel technology using vertically aligned crystals.

VESA — Video Electronics Standards Association

Develops display-related standards including mounting interfaces.

VGA — Video Graphics Array

Names a legacy graphics standard associated with analog monitor connections.

VoLTE — Voice over Long Term Evolution

Carries supported voice services over LTE networks.

VoWiFi — Voice over Wi-Fi

Carries supported operator voice service over Wi-Fi.

VR — Virtual Reality

Presents an immersive computer-generated environment.

VRAM — Video Random Access Memory

Holds graphics resources such as frame buffers and textures.

XR — Extended Reality

Acts as an umbrella term for immersive and augmented experience technologies.

6to4 — IPv6-to-IPv4 automatic tunneling mechanism

Names a historical mechanism for carrying IPv6 traffic across IPv4 infrastructure.

802.11a — IEEE 802.11a wireless LAN amendment

Defines a legacy OFDM wireless LAN technology in 5 GHz.

802.11b — IEEE 802.11b wireless LAN amendment

Defines a legacy 2.4 GHz wireless LAN technology up to 11 Mb/s.

802.11g — IEEE 802.11g wireless LAN amendment

Brings OFDM operation up to 54 Mb/s into 2.4 GHz.

8P8C — Eight Positions Eight Contacts

Describes a modular connector with eight positions and eight contacts.

ADSL — Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

Provides legacy broadband over telephone copper with asymmetric rates.

AH — Authentication Header

Provides IPsec integrity and origin authentication for supported packet fields.

AOC — Active Optical Cable

Integrates optical transceivers and fiber into a cable assembly.

AP — Access Point

Connects wireless stations to a distribution network.

ARP — Address Resolution Protocol

Resolves local IPv4 next-hop addresses to link-layer addresses.

AS — Autonomous System

Groups networks under a common routing-policy administration.

ASN — Autonomous System Number

Identifies an autonomous system in routing protocols and registries.

AXFR — AXFR full-zone transfer query type

Transfers the complete contents of a DNS zone.

BDR — Backup Designated Router

Provides a standby designated-router role on eligible OSPF networks.

BER — Bit Error Rate

Expresses erroneous received bits relative to the evaluated bit population.

BERT — Bit Error Rate Test

Measures digital-link error behavior with a test pattern.

BFD — Bidirectional Forwarding Detection

Rapidly checks forwarding-path connectivity between participating endpoints.

BLE — Bluetooth Low Energy

Provides low-energy Bluetooth communication capabilities.

BPDU — Bridge Protocol Data Unit

Carries spanning-tree information between participating bridges.

BSS — Basic Service Set

Groups stations participating in a basic wireless LAN service set.

BSSID — Basic Service Set Identifier

Identifies a basic service set, commonly using an AP radio MAC address.

CAA — Certification Authority Authorization

Publishes which certificate authorities may issue certificates for a domain.

CAPWAP — Control and Provisioning of Wireless Access Points

Defines control and related communication between wireless controllers and access points.

Cat 5e — Category 5 enhanced

Names an enhanced twisted-pair cabling category.

Cat 6 — Category 6

Names a twisted-pair cabling category above Cat 5e.

Cat 6A — Category 6 Augmented

Supports enhanced high-frequency twisted-pair performance.

Cat 8 — Category 8

Supports short high-frequency copper channels for data-center applications.

CDP — Cisco Discovery Protocol

Discovers directly connected Cisco-supported neighboring devices.

CIFS — Common Internet File System

Names an SMB-related legacy file-sharing specification and terminology.

CNAME — Canonical Name record

Aliases one DNS name to another canonical name.

CRC — Cyclic Redundancy Check

Computes an error-detection value using polynomial arithmetic.

CSMA/CA — Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance

Coordinates wireless medium access by sensing and attempting to avoid collisions.

CSMA/CD — Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection

Coordinates access and detects collisions on shared half-duplex Ethernet.

CSU — Channel Service Unit

Terminates and conditions supported digital carrier circuits.

CWDM — Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Multiplexes optical channels with relatively wide wavelength spacing.

DAC (cable) — Direct Attach Copper

Connects compatible ports using a copper cable assembly with integrated ends.

DANE — DNS-Based Authentication of Named Entities

Uses DNSSEC-protected records to associate services with certificate information.

dBm — Decibels referenced to one milliwatt

Expresses an absolute power level relative to one milliwatt.

DCE — Data Circuit-terminating Equipment

Provides the network-side interface or timing role in traditional data circuits.

DDM — Digital Diagnostic Monitoring

Exposes supported optical-module operating measurements.

DFS — Dynamic Frequency Selection

Changes radio channel use to avoid protected radar activity where required.

DHCP — Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

Leases network configuration to clients.

DKIM — DomainKeys Identified Mail

Signs selected email content and headers on behalf of a domain.

DMARC — Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance

Publishes handling and reporting policies using aligned SPF or DKIM results.

DNAT — Destination Network Address Translation

Rewrites packet destination addresses at a translation boundary.

DNS-SD — DNS-Based Service Discovery

Advertises and discovers services using DNS record conventions.

DNS64 — DNS extensions for IPv6-to-IPv4 translation

Synthesizes IPv6 address answers from IPv4 records for supported translation workflows.

DNSSEC — Domain Name System Security Extensions

Authenticates DNS data using a chain of digital signatures.

DOCSIS — Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification

Defines broadband data transport over cable networks.

DoH — DNS over HTTPS

Carries DNS queries and responses over HTTPS.

DOM — Digital Optical Monitoring

Reports optical transceiver conditions such as power and temperature.

DoT — DNS over TLS

Carries DNS queries and responses over TLS transport.

DR (OSPF) — Designated Router

Reduces adjacency and flooding complexity on supported OSPF multi-access networks.

DSCP — Differentiated Services Code Point

Marks an IP packet for differentiated traffic treatment.

DSSS — Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum

Spreads a signal using a higher-rate spreading sequence.

DSU — Data Service Unit

Performs digital-line interfacing functions in supported WAN equipment.

DTE — Data Terminal Equipment

Acts as the terminal-side participant in traditional data communication interfaces.

DTP — Dynamic Trunking Protocol

Negotiates trunk behavior on supported Cisco switch ports.

DWDM — Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Multiplexes closely spaced optical wavelengths.

EAP — Extensible Authentication Protocol

Provides a framework for authentication methods.

EAP-TLS — Extensible Authentication Protocol Transport Layer Security

Uses TLS and certificates for an EAP authentication method.

ECMP — Equal-Cost Multipath

Uses multiple routing next hops with equal routing cost.

ECN — Explicit Congestion Notification

Signals congestion using supported packet markings instead of only loss.

EDNS — Extension Mechanisms for DNS

Extends DNS messaging using mechanisms such as the OPT pseudo-record.

EGP — Exterior Gateway Protocol

Names both a category of interdomain routing protocols and an obsolete specific protocol.

EIGRP — Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

Provides interior routing using a distance-vector-based design and DUAL.

ERSPAN — Encapsulated Remote Switched Port Analyzer

Encapsulates mirrored traffic for transport to remote monitoring tools.

ESP — Encapsulating Security Payload

Provides IPsec payload protection including supported confidentiality and integrity.

ESS — Extended Service Set

Combines connected wireless service sets into a larger logical service.

ESSID — Extended Service Set Identifier

Names an extended wireless service set in common networking usage.

EVPN — Ethernet Virtual Private Network

Distributes Ethernet VPN reachability using a control-plane model.

FCS — Frame Check Sequence

Carries a frame integrity-check value used to detect transmission errors.

FDD — Frequency Division Duplex

Separates uplink and downlink using different frequency allocations.

FHSS — Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum

Changes carrier frequencies according to a hopping pattern.

FIB — Forwarding Information Base

Stores forwarding information used to make packet-forwarding decisions.

FQDN — Fully Qualified Domain Name

Identifies a name through its complete domain hierarchy.

FTP — File Transfer Protocol

Transfers files using separate control and data connections.

FTPS — File Transfer Protocol Secure

Protects FTP sessions with TLS.

GLBP — Gateway Load Balancing Protocol

Combines gateway redundancy with distribution across forwarding devices.

GRE — Generic Routing Encapsulation

Encapsulates network traffic inside another packet.

HSRP — Hot Standby Router Protocol

Provides gateway redundancy through an active and standby arrangement.

HTTP/1.1 — Hypertext Transfer Protocol version 1.1

Defines HTTP message syntax and connection behavior for version 1.1.

HTTPS — Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure

Uses HTTP over a secure transport, commonly TLS.

ICMP — Internet Control Message Protocol

Carries IP control and error messages.

IEEE 1394 — Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers standard 1394

Defines a legacy high-speed serial interface also known as FireWire.

IGMP — Internet Group Management Protocol

Manages IPv4 multicast group membership between hosts and local routers.

IGP — Interior Gateway Protocol

Exchanges routing information within an autonomous system.

IKE — Internet Key Exchange

Negotiates security associations and key material for IPsec.

IMAP — Internet Message Access Protocol

Accesses and manages server-held email mailboxes.

IP — Internet Protocol

Addresses and routes packets between networks.

IPAM — IP Address Management

Plans and tracks network address allocations and related data.

IPsec — Internet Protocol Security

Protects IP communications using a suite of protocols.

IPv4 — Internet Protocol version 4

Uses 32-bit network addresses.

IPv6 — Internet Protocol version 6

Uses 128-bit network addresses.

IS-IS — Intermediate System to Intermediate System

Exchanges link-state routing information between participating routers.

IXFR — Incremental Zone Transfer

Transfers DNS zone changes relative to a prior serial version.

L2TP — Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol

Tunnels layer-2 sessions over packet networks.

LACP — Link Aggregation Control Protocol

Negotiates compatible physical links into an aggregate.

LAN — Local Area Network

Connects devices within a limited local area.

LC — Lucent Connector

Names a compact optical connector with a latch.

LLC — Logical Link Control

Provides the upper portion of the IEEE 802 data-link architecture.

LLDP — Link Layer Discovery Protocol

Advertises device and port information to directly connected neighbors.

LLDP-MED — Link Layer Discovery Protocol Media Endpoint Discovery

Extends LLDP for media endpoints such as IP phones.

LSA — Link-State Advertisement

Advertises topology or routing information in OSPF.

LSDB — Link-State Database

Stores topology information learned by a link-state routing process.

MAC — Media Access Control

Identifies the data-link access sublayer and associated interface addresses.

MDA — Mail Delivery Agent

Delivers accepted email into its destination mailbox or local delivery system.

mDNS — Multicast DNS

Resolves names on a local link using multicast queries.

MIME — Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions

Describes content types and encodings for Internet messages.

MIMO — Multiple Input Multiple Output

Uses multiple antenna paths to improve radio communication.

MLD — Multicast Listener Discovery

Reports IPv6 multicast listener membership.

MLO — Multi-Link Operation

Lets supported Wi-Fi devices use multiple links.

MMF — Multimode Fiber

Guides multiple light modes, often for shorter optical links.

MP-BGP — Multiprotocol Border Gateway Protocol

Extends BGP to carry reachability for multiple address families.

MPLS — Multiprotocol Label Switching

Forwards traffic using labels within a network.

MPO — Multi-fiber Push On

Connects multiple fibers in one connector.

MSS — Maximum Segment Size

Limits TCP payload size advertised for a connection direction.

MSTP — Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol

Maps VLANs to multiple spanning-tree instances.

MTA — Mail Transfer Agent

Transfers email between mail systems.

MTU — Maximum Transmission Unit

Limits the size of a network-layer packet on a link.

MU-MIMO — Multi-User Multiple Input Multiple Output

Uses spatial techniques to serve multiple users.

MUA — Mail User Agent

Provides a user-facing application for composing and accessing email.

MX — Mail Exchanger

Identifies mail-receiving hosts for a DNS domain.

NAT64 — Network Address Translation from IPv6 to IPv4

Translates traffic between supported IPv6 clients and IPv4 services.

NFC — Near Field Communication

Enables short-range contactless communication.

NIC — Network Interface Card

Provides a device's network interface.

NS — Name Server record

Identifies authoritative DNS servers for a zone or delegation.

NTP — Network Time Protocol

Synchronizes clocks over a network.

ODF — Optical Distribution Frame

Organizes optical-fiber terminations and cross-connections.

OFDM — Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing

Carries data using many orthogonal subcarriers.

OFDMA — Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access

Allocates frequency resources among multiple users.

OM1 — Optical Multimode category 1

Names an early standardized multimode optical-fiber category.

OM2 — Optical Multimode category 2

Names a multimode optical-fiber category with specified performance requirements.

OM3 — Optical Multimode category 3

Names laser-optimized multimode optical fiber.

OM4 — Optical Multimode category 4

Names a higher-performance laser-optimized multimode optical-fiber category.

OM5 — Optical Multimode category 5

Names wideband multimode optical fiber supporting specified wavelength ranges.

OS1 — Optical Single-mode category 1

Names a standardized single-mode cabling category.

OS2 — Optical Single-mode category 2

Names a single-mode optical-fiber cabling category with lower specified attenuation.

OSI — Open Systems Interconnection

Provides a seven-layer reference model for network functions.

OSPF — Open Shortest Path First

Routes within an autonomous system using link-state information.

OTDR — Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer

Uses reflected optical pulses to characterize fiber events and distance.

PAT — Port Address Translation

Shares translated addresses by tracking transport port mappings.

PDU — Protocol Data Unit

Names a unit of information exchanged at a particular protocol layer.

PEAP — Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol

Protects an inner authentication method within a TLS tunnel.

PIM (multicast) — Protocol Independent Multicast

Builds multicast distribution using underlying unicast routing information.

PMF — Protected Management Frames

Protects selected wireless management frames against forgery and related attacks.

PoE — Power over Ethernet

Delivers electrical power over compatible Ethernet cabling.

POP3 — Post Office Protocol version 3

Retrieves email from a mailbox server.

PPP — Point-to-Point Protocol

Carries network traffic over direct point-to-point links.

PPPoE — Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet

Carries PPP sessions over Ethernet.

PPTP — Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol

Names a legacy remote-access tunneling protocol.

PS/2 — Personal System/2

Names an IBM computer family associated with legacy keyboard and mouse ports.

PTR — Pointer record

Maps a DNS name to another name, commonly for reverse-address lookup.

PVST+ — Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Plus

Runs spanning-tree instances per VLAN on supported Cisco switches.

QAM — Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Encodes information by changing signal amplitude and phase.

QoS — Quality of Service

Classifies and prioritizes traffic under a policy.

QSFP — Quad Small Form-factor Pluggable

Packages a pluggable transceiver with four lanes.

RADIUS — Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service

Provides centralized network access AAA services.

RD (routing) — Route Distinguisher

Makes otherwise overlapping VPN routes distinguishable in supported routing systems.

RDMA — Remote Direct Memory Access

Transfers data directly between supported memory regions across a network.

RDP — Remote Desktop Protocol

Provides remote graphical desktop connectivity.

RED — Random Early Detection

Signals congestion by probabilistically dropping or marking packets before a queue fills.

RFID — Radio Frequency Identification

Uses radio communication to identify tags.

RIB — Routing Information Base

Stores routing information considered by a routing implementation.

RIP — Routing Information Protocol

Exchanges routing information using a distance-vector approach.

RJ-11 — Registered Jack 11

Names a registered telephone wiring interface.

RJ-45 — Registered Jack 45

Is commonly used informally for the modular Ethernet connector.

RoCE — RDMA over Converged Ethernet

Carries supported RDMA traffic over Ethernet networks.

RPC — Remote Procedure Call

Invokes supported procedures across a process or network boundary.

RRM — Radio Resource Management

Coordinates radio parameters such as channels and transmit power.

RS-232 — Recommended Standard 232

Defines a legacy serial communications interface.

RSPAN — Remote Switched Port Analyzer

Carries mirrored switch traffic to a remote observation point using supported layer-2 mechanisms.

RSSI — Received Signal Strength Indicator

Indicates received radio signal strength using device-defined measurements.

RSTP — Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol

Improves spanning-tree convergence.

RT (routing) — Route Target

Labels routes for import and export policy in supported VPN routing systems.

RTCP — Real-time Transport Control Protocol

Reports control and quality information alongside RTP media.

RTP — Real-time Transport Protocol

Carries time-sensitive media such as audio and video.

RTT — Round-Trip Time

Measures elapsed time for a request or packet exchange and its return.

SASE — Secure Access Service Edge

Combines networking and security capabilities in an edge-delivered architecture.

SC — Subscriber Connector

Names a push-pull square optical connector.

SD-WAN — Software-Defined Wide Area Network

Applies policy-driven control across WAN connectivity.

SDN — Software-Defined Networking

Uses software control and abstraction for network behavior.

SDU — Service Data Unit

Names information supplied by one layer to the service of another.

SFP — Small Form-factor Pluggable

Packages a removable network transceiver.

SFTP — SSH File Transfer Protocol

Provides file operations over SSH.

SIP — Session Initiation Protocol

Establishes, modifies, and terminates communication sessions.

SMB — Server Message Block

Provides network file and printer sharing.

SMB 1 — Server Message Block version 1

Names the legacy SMB file-sharing protocol generation.

SMB 2 — Server Message Block version 2

Revises SMB file-sharing operations with a newer protocol design.

SMB 3 — Server Message Block version 3

Adds modern SMB capabilities including supported encryption and availability features.

SMF — Single-Mode Fiber

Guides light in a single spatial mode for suitable optical links.

SMTP — Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Transfers email between mail systems or submits messages.

SMTP AUTH — Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Authentication

Adds an authentication extension to SMTP.

SNAT — Source Network Address Translation

Rewrites packet source addresses at a translation boundary.

SNMP — Simple Network Management Protocol

Retrieves management data and sends notifications.

SNR — Signal-to-Noise Ratio

Compares desired signal strength with noise.

SOA — Start of Authority

Stores administrative and timing information at a DNS zone's origin.

SPAN — Switched Port Analyzer

Mirrors selected switch traffic to a monitoring destination.

SPF — Sender Policy Framework

Publishes which systems may send mail for a domain's envelope identity.

SRV — Service record

Locates hosts and ports for specified DNS service names.

SSDP — Simple Service Discovery Protocol

Discovers supported local-network services through discovery messages.

SSH — Secure Shell

Provides encrypted remote access and related channels.

SSID — Service Set Identifier

Names a wireless service set.

SSM — Source-Specific Multicast

Delivers multicast identified by both a source and a group.

ST — Straight Tip

Names a bayonet-style optical connector.

STP — Spanning Tree Protocol

Prevents layer-2 switching loops by managing redundant paths.

STP cable — Shielded Twisted Pair

Uses shielding with twisted copper pairs.

TACACS+ — Terminal Access Controller Access-Control System Plus

Provides centralized AAA often used for network-device administration.

TDD — Time Division Duplex

Separates transmission directions using time intervals.

TFTP — Trivial File Transfer Protocol

Transfers files using a minimal UDP-based protocol.

TPC — Transmit Power Control

Adjusts radio transmit power for operating requirements and link conditions.

TTL — Time to Live

Limits IPv4 packet forwarding and also names DNS cache lifetime fields.

TXT — Text record

Stores text strings in DNS for application-defined uses.

UPnP — Universal Plug and Play

Supports discovery and control of compatible network devices.

UTP — Unshielded Twisted Pair

Carries signals over twisted copper pairs without overall shielding.

VDSL — Very-high-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line

Provides higher-rate DSL over suitable shorter copper loops.

VLAN — Virtual Local Area Network

Separates logical layer-2 broadcast domains.

VLSM — Variable Length Subnet Mask

Uses different prefix lengths within an addressing plan.

VRF — Virtual Routing and Forwarding

Separates routing and forwarding contexts on supported network devices.

VRRP — Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol

Provides a virtual default-router function with redundant participants.

VTEP — Virtual Tunnel Endpoint

Encapsulates or decapsulates overlay traffic at a tunnel endpoint.

VTP — VLAN Trunking Protocol

Distributes supported VLAN configuration information in Cisco environments.

VXLAN — Virtual Extensible Local Area Network

Carries virtual layer-2 segments over a routed IP underlay.

WAN — Wide Area Network

Connects networks over larger geographic areas.

WDM — Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Carries multiple optical channels using different wavelengths.

WEP — Wired Equivalent Privacy

Names an obsolete wireless encryption scheme.

Wi-Fi — Wi-Fi brand name

Identifies interoperable wireless LAN technology families.

Wi-Fi 4 — Wi-Fi generation 4, based on IEEE 802.11n

Introduces high-throughput features including MIMO.

Wi-Fi 5 — Wi-Fi generation 5, based on IEEE 802.11ac

Provides very-high-throughput Wi-Fi in 5 GHz.

Wi-Fi 6 — Wi-Fi generation 6, based on IEEE 802.11ax

Improves efficiency using features such as OFDMA.

Wi-Fi 6E — Wi-Fi 6 Extended into 6 GHz

Extends Wi-Fi 6 operation into available 6 GHz spectrum.

Wi-Fi 7 — Wi-Fi generation 7, based on IEEE 802.11be

Adds features including multi-link operation and wider channels.

WLAN — Wireless Local Area Network

Provides local networking over radio.

WLC — Wireless LAN Controller

Centrally coordinates supported wireless access-point functions.

WPA2 — Wi-Fi Protected Access 2

Defines a wireless security certification generation commonly using AES-CCMP.

WPA3 — Wi-Fi Protected Access 3

Updates wireless security requirements including SAE for Personal mode.

WPS — Wi-Fi Protected Setup

Simplifies enrollment of wireless clients.

WRED — Weighted Random Early Detection

Applies differentiated early congestion signaling based on traffic treatment.

2FA — Two-Factor Authentication

Requires two distinct authentication-factor categories.

3DES — Triple Data Encryption Standard

Applies a DES-based construction multiple times.

AAA — Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting

Verifies identity, decides permissions, and records activity.

AAD — Additional Authenticated Data

Supplies integrity-protected context to supported authenticated-encryption schemes.

ABAC — Attribute-Based Access Control

Evaluates attributes against access policies.

ACE — Access Control Entry

Represents an individual entry in an access-control list.

AEAD — Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data

Protects encrypted content and authenticates additional unencrypted context.

AES — Advanced Encryption Standard

Provides a standardized symmetric block cipher.

AES-CBC — Advanced Encryption Standard in Cipher Block Chaining mode

Encrypts AES blocks using a chaining construction.

AES-CTR — Advanced Encryption Standard in Counter mode

Generates an AES-based keystream from counter inputs.

AES-GCM — Advanced Encryption Standard in Galois/Counter Mode

Combines AES encryption with authenticated-encryption processing in GCM.

AiTM — Adversary-in-the-Middle

Interposes a malicious service in an authentication or communication flow.

AKI — Authority Key Identifier

Helps identify the issuing authority's signing key.

APT — Advanced Persistent Threat

Describes capable adversaries or campaigns with sustained objectives.

ASLR — Address Space Layout Randomization

Randomizes supported process memory layout locations.

ASN.1 — Abstract Syntax Notation One

Defines data structures independently of their transfer encoding.

ATT&CK — Adversarial Tactics, Techniques, and Common Knowledge

Organizes observed adversary behaviors and their relationships.

BOLA — Broken Object Level Authorization

Fails to enforce access rules on individual objects.

C2 — Command and Control

Coordinates an adversary's instructions and communications with compromised systems.

CA — Certificate Authority

Issues and signs digital certificates under a policy.

CA (identity) — Conditional Access

Applies identity access decisions using signals, policy, and supported controls.

CAE — Continuous Access Evaluation

Responds to supported identity and policy events during application access.

CAPEC — Common Attack Pattern Enumeration and Classification

Describes reusable patterns of attack behavior.

CASB — Cloud Access Security Broker

Applies visibility and control to cloud-service use.

CBC — Cipher Block Chaining

Combines each plaintext block with prior ciphertext before block encryption.

CIA — Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability

Frames three fundamental information-security objectives.

CPE — Common Platform Enumeration

Names classes of hardware, operating systems, and applications in a structured format.

CRL — Certificate Revocation List

Publishes certificates revoked by an issuer.

CRLF — Carriage Return Line Feed

Names a control-character sequence that can be abused in text-based protocol injection.

CSAF — Common Security Advisory Framework

Represents machine-readable security advisories using a defined framework.

CSPM — Cloud Security Posture Management

Finds cloud configuration and posture issues.

CSR — Certificate Signing Request

Requests a certificate for a public key and associated information.

CTAP — Client to Authenticator Protocol

Connects clients with external authenticators in supported FIDO flows.

CTI — Cyber Threat Intelligence

Applies context and analysis to information about cyber threats.

CTR — Counter mode

Builds a stream-like encryption construction by encrypting counter blocks.

CVE — Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures

Assigns identifiers to publicly disclosed vulnerabilities.

CVRF — Common Vulnerability Reporting Framework

Provides a structured format for vulnerability advisories.

CVSS — Common Vulnerability Scoring System

Scores technical vulnerability severity using defined metrics.

CWE — Common Weakness Enumeration

Classifies types of software and hardware weaknesses.

DAC — Discretionary Access Control

Allows an owner or authorized principal to delegate access.

DACL — Discretionary Access Control List

Lists permission entries controlling access to a Windows securable object.

DAST — Dynamic Application Security Testing

Tests a running application from its exposed interfaces.

DDoS — Distributed Denial of Service

Disrupts service using multiple distributed sources.

DEP — Data Execution Prevention

Marks supported memory regions as non-executable to reduce exploitation paths.

DER — Distinguished Encoding Rules

Provides a canonical binary encoding for ASN.1 data.

DES — Data Encryption Standard

Names a legacy symmetric block cipher with a small effective key size.

DLP — Data Loss Prevention

Detects or controls inappropriate movement of sensitive data.

DoS — Denial of Service

Disrupts legitimate access to a service.

ECB — Electronic Codebook

Encrypts each block independently with the same block-cipher key.

ECC (cryptography) — Elliptic Curve Cryptography

Builds public-key systems using elliptic-curve mathematics.

ECDH — Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman

Establishes shared key material using elliptic curves.

ECDSA — Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm

Creates and verifies digital signatures using elliptic curves.

EDR — Endpoint Detection and Response

Collects endpoint telemetry and supports investigation and response.

EKU — Extended Key Usage

Constrains a certificate's permitted application purposes.

FIDO — Fast IDentity Online

Names an alliance and authentication standards ecosystem.

FIDO2 — Fast Identity Online 2

Combines standards for strong public-key authentication.

FIM — File Integrity Monitoring

Detects relevant changes to monitored files or other configured objects.

GCM — Galois/Counter Mode

Provides authenticated encryption using counter-mode encryption and a polynomial authenticator.

gMSA — Group Managed Service Account

Provides a Windows domain service-account type with managed credentials and supported multi-host use.

HIDS — Host Intrusion Detection System

Monitors a host for suspicious activity or changes.

HIPS — Host-based Intrusion Prevention System

Blocks selected suspicious activity on an individual host.

HKDF — HMAC-Based Key Derivation Function

Derives keys using extraction and expansion based on HMAC.

HMAC — Hash-Based Message Authentication Code

Authenticates messages using a secret key and a hash construction.

HOTP — HMAC-Based One-Time Password

Derives one-time passcodes from a secret and counter.

HSM — Hardware Security Module

Protects cryptographic keys and performs controlled cryptographic operations.

IAM — Identity and Access Management

Manages identities and their permitted access.

ICS — Industrial Control Systems

Monitors and controls industrial processes.

IDOR — Insecure Direct Object Reference

Exposes objects through identifiers without appropriate authorization checks.

IDS — Intrusion Detection System

Detects suspicious or policy-violating activity.

IOA — Indicator of Attack

Highlights behavior associated with an attack in progress.

IOC — Indicator of Compromise

Provides an observable clue that may indicate compromise.

IoMT — Internet of Medical Things

Connects medical devices and related systems.

IoT — Internet of Things

Connects physical devices and embedded systems to networks.

IPS — Intrusion Prevention System

Detects and can block suspicious traffic inline.

IV — Initialization Vector

Initializes a supported cryptographic mode's state or processing.

JIT — Just-In-Time

Grants a capability or access only when needed.

KDC — Key Distribution Center

Provides Kerberos authentication and ticket services.

KDF — Key Derivation Function

Derives key material from input secrets and context.

KEV — Known Exploited Vulnerabilities

Identifies vulnerabilities known to have been exploited in the wild in CISA's catalog.

KU — Key Usage

Constrains cryptographic uses of a certificate's key.

LAPS — Local Administrator Password Solution

Manages supported local administrator passwords with controlled retrieval.

LDAP — Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

Accesses directory information such as users and groups.

LDAPi — Lightweight Directory Access Protocol Injection

Changes directory queries through unsafe handling of untrusted input.

LDAPS — Lightweight Directory Access Protocol over TLS

Protects directory access with TLS on a dedicated secure connection.

LFI — Local File Inclusion

Includes unintended local files through an application flaw.

MAC (access control) — Mandatory Access Control

Enforces access through centrally defined labels and policy.

MAC (cryptography) — Message Authentication Code

Provides a keyed integrity and authenticity tag.

MD5 — Message Digest 5

Produces a legacy 128-bit digest.

MDR — Managed Detection and Response

Provides detection and response as a managed service.

MFA — Multi-Factor Authentication

Requires evidence from more than one authentication-factor category.

MITM — Man-in-the-Middle

Interposes an attacker between communicating parties.

mTLS — Mutual Transport Layer Security

Authenticates both peers using TLS mechanisms, commonly certificates.

NAC — Network Access Control

Controls device admission or access to networks.

NDR — Network Detection and Response

Uses network telemetry to detect, investigate, and respond to threats.

NGFW — Next-Generation Firewall

Adds application-aware inspection and related capabilities to firewalling.

NIDS — Network Intrusion Detection System

Analyzes network activity for intrusion indicators.

NIPS — Network-based Intrusion Prevention System

Inspects and can block selected suspicious network traffic.

OAEP — Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding

Encodes messages for supported asymmetric encryption schemes.

OAuth — Open Authorization

Delegates limited access to resources using an authorization framework.

OCSP — Online Certificate Status Protocol

Queries certificate revocation status online.

OID — Object Identifier

Identifies objects or algorithm names using a hierarchical identifier namespace.

OSINT — Open-Source Intelligence

Derives intelligence from publicly available information.

OT — Operational Technology

Monitors or changes physical processes and equipment.

OVAL — Open Vulnerability and Assessment Language

Represents supported machine-state checks in a standardized language.

OWASP — Open Worldwide Application Security Project

Provides community application-security guidance and projects.

PAC (Kerberos) — Privilege Attribute Certificate

Carries Windows authorization information in supported Kerberos tickets.

PAM — Privileged Access Management

Controls and monitors privileged access.

PBKDF2 — Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2

Derives key material from a password with a salt and iteration count.

PEM — Privacy-Enhanced Mail

Names a historical secure-mail framework whose textual encoding conventions are widely reused.

PIM — Privileged Identity Management

Governs privileged role assignment and activation.

PKCS — Public-Key Cryptography Standards

Names a family of specifications for public-key cryptographic formats and interfaces.

PKCS #11 — Public-Key Cryptography Standards number 11

Defines a cryptographic-token interface used by software and secure devices.

PKCS #12 — Public-Key Cryptography Standards number 12

Packages private keys, certificates, and related information in a defined format.

PLC — Programmable Logic Controller

Executes control logic for industrial equipment.

PRT — Primary Refresh Token

Supports Microsoft Entra single sign-on and token acquisition on supported devices.

PSS — Probabilistic Signature Scheme

Defines a probabilistic encoding used with RSA signatures.

RAT — Remote Access Trojan

Provides unauthorized remote access through malicious software.

RBAC — Role-Based Access Control

Assigns permissions through roles.

RCE — Remote Code Execution

Allows an attacker to execute code on a remote system.

RFI — Remote File Inclusion

Includes attacker-controlled remote resources through an application flaw.

RID — Relative Identifier

Forms the domain-relative or authority-relative portion of supported SIDs.

ROP — Return-Oriented Programming

Chains existing instruction sequences to alter program execution.

RSA — Rivest-Shamir-Adleman

Provides a public-key algorithm family used with suitable encryption or signature schemes.

RSA-OAEP — RSA Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding

Uses RSA encryption with OAEP encoding.

RSA-PSS — RSA Probabilistic Signature Scheme

Creates RSA signatures using probabilistic encoding.

SACL — System Access Control List

Contains supported auditing and related system security entries.

SAM (accounts) — Security Account Manager

Stores local Windows account security information.

SAML — Security Assertion Markup Language

Exchanges XML-based security assertions for federated identity.

SAN (certificate) — Subject Alternative Name

Lists alternative identities in a certificate extension.

SAST — Static Application Security Testing

Analyzes source or related code artifacts without running the application.

SCA — Software Composition Analysis

Identifies risks in third-party software dependencies.

SCADA — Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

Supervises industrial processes and acquires operational data.

SCAP — Security Content Automation Protocol

Combines specifications for automated security configuration and vulnerability information.

SCIM — System for Cross-domain Identity Management

Standardizes identity-resource provisioning and management across systems.

SDDL — Security Descriptor Definition Language

Represents Windows security descriptors in a defined string notation.

SEHOP — Structured Exception Handling Overwrite Protection

Protects supported Windows exception-handler chains against certain overwrite attacks.

SHA — Secure Hash Algorithm

Names standardized cryptographic hash algorithm families.

SHA-256 — Secure Hash Algorithm with 256-bit output

Produces a 256-bit digest in the SHA-2 family.

SID — Security Identifier

Identifies Windows security principals and related security entities.

SIEM — Security Information and Event Management

Collects and correlates security events for analysis.

SKI — Subject Key Identifier

Helps identify the public key associated with a certificate subject.

SLSA — Supply-chain Levels for Software Artifacts

Defines a framework for improving software supply-chain integrity.

sMSA — Standalone Managed Service Account

Provides a managed Windows service account for a single supported computer.

SOAR — Security Orchestration, Automation, and Response

Coordinates security tools and response workflows.

SOC — Security Operations Center

Organizes security monitoring, investigation, and response.

SPN — Service Principal Name

Identifies a service instance for supported Kerberos authentication workflows.

SQLi — Structured Query Language Injection

Alters database queries through unsafe handling of untrusted input.

SSE — Security Service Edge

Groups cloud-delivered access-security capabilities.

SSL — Secure Sockets Layer

Names the obsolete predecessor family to TLS.

SSO — Single Sign-On

Lets an authenticated user access multiple applications through a common sign-in arrangement.

SSTI — Server-Side Template Injection

Injects unintended template expressions into server-side rendering.

STIX — Structured Threat Information Expression

Represents cyber-threat intelligence using defined structured objects and relationships.

SWG — Secure Web Gateway

Applies security policy to web traffic and access.

TAXII — Trusted Automated Exchange of Intelligence Information

Exchanges supported cyber-threat intelligence through standardized services.

TGS — Ticket-Granting Service

Issues Kerberos service tickets after appropriate authentication.

TGT — Ticket-Granting Ticket

Obtains service tickets in a Kerberos authentication flow.

TIP — Threat Intelligence Platform

Organizes threat-intelligence collection, analysis, and sharing.

TLP — Traffic Light Protocol

Labels information-sharing permissions using a defined color-based convention.

TLS 1.2 — Transport Layer Security version 1.2

Defines a TLS protocol version still supported in many environments.

TLS 1.3 — Transport Layer Security version 1.3

Modernizes TLS handshakes and removes many legacy options.

TOCTOU — Time of Check to Time of Use

Describes a race when state changes between validation and later use.

TOTP — Time-Based One-Time Password

Derives short-lived passcodes from a secret and time step.

TTP — Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures

Describes adversary goals, methods, and detailed practices.

U2F — Universal 2nd Factor

Defines an earlier FIDO public-key second-factor authentication approach.

UAF — Universal Authentication Framework

Defines a FIDO authentication framework for supported passwordless use cases.

UBA — User Behavior Analytics

Analyzes user activity for meaningful behavioral patterns or anomalies.

UEBA — User and Entity Behavior Analytics

Analyzes user and entity behavior for security-relevant anomalies.

UPN — User Principal Name

Names an account using a user-and-suffix style identity in supported directories.

VEX — Vulnerability Exploitability eXchange

Communicates whether a known vulnerability affects a particular product context.

WAF — Web Application Firewall

Filters HTTP application traffic using security rules.

WebAuthn — Web Authentication

Defines a web API for public-key credential registration and authentication.

XCCDF — Extensible Configuration Checklist Description Format

Describes security checklists, benchmarks, and evaluation results.

XDR — Extended Detection and Response

Correlates detection and response across multiple security domains.

XXE — XML External Entity

Describes an attack involving unsafe processing of external XML entities.

ZTNA — Zero Trust Network Access

Provides policy-based access to specific applications or resources.

ALE — Annualized Loss Expectancy

Estimates annual loss as SLE times annualized rate of occurrence.

ARO — Annualized Rate of Occurrence

Estimates how often an event occurs per year.

ATO — Authorization to Operate

Records an authorized decision to accept defined system risk for operation.

AUP — Acceptable Use Policy

Defines permitted and prohibited use of organizational resources.

BCP — Business Continuity Plan

Plans how essential business activities continue during disruption.

BIA — Business Impact Analysis

Evaluates the business consequences of disruption.

BOM — Bill of Materials

Lists components needed for a system or product.

CIS — Center for Internet Security

Publishes security controls and configuration benchmarks.

CIS Controls — Center for Internet Security Critical Security Controls

Prioritizes practical cybersecurity safeguards.

COBIT — Control Objectives for Information and Related Technologies

Provides a framework for governance and management of enterprise information and technology.

COOP — Continuity of Operations

Plans the continuation of essential organizational functions during disruption.

DPA — Data Processing Agreement

Defines responsibilities and terms for personal-data processing relationships.

DPIA — Data Protection Impact Assessment

Evaluates data-protection risks for proposed processing in applicable contexts.

DPO (privacy) — Data Protection Officer

Performs a defined privacy oversight role in applicable organizational contexts.

DREAD — Damage potential, Reproducibility, Exploitability, Affected users, and Discoverability

Names a historical threat-rating model using five dimensions.

DRP — Disaster Recovery Plan

Plans restoration of technology capabilities after disruption.

EF — Exposure Factor

Estimates the fraction of asset value lost in one event.

FAIR — Factor Analysis of Information Risk

Structures quantitative analysis of information risk.

FedRAMP — Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program

Standardizes security assessment and authorization processes for scoped US federal cloud services.

FISMA — Federal Information Security Modernization Act

Defines a US federal information-security governance framework in its legal scope.

GDPR — General Data Protection Regulation

Sets data-protection requirements within its legal scope.

GRC — Governance, Risk, and Compliance

Aligns oversight, risk decisions, and obligations.

HIPAA — Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

Establishes US legal requirements including scoped health-information protections.

IEC — International Electrotechnical Commission

Develops international standards for electrical and related technologies.

IRP — Incident Response Plan

Defines roles and actions for handling security incidents.

IS — Information Systems

Combines people, processes, data, and technology to support activities.

ISACA — ISACA professional association name

Supports information systems governance, assurance, risk, and security practices.

ISMS — Information Security Management System

Organizes governance and continual management of information security.

ISO — International Organization for Standardization

Develops international standards through national standards bodies.

IT — Information Technology

Names technologies and practices for processing, storing, and communicating information.

KPI — Key Performance Indicator

Measures progress toward a defined performance objective.

KRI — Key Risk Indicator

Signals changes in exposure to a defined risk.

MSA — Master Services Agreement

Defines overarching commercial terms for services.

MTBF — Mean Time Between Failures

Measures average operating time between failures of repairable systems.

MTTR — Mean Time to Repair

Measures average time to repair a failed item in the defined measurement context.

NDA — Non-Disclosure Agreement

Defines contractual confidentiality obligations.

NIST — National Institute of Standards and Technology

Publishes standards, guidance, and technical research.

NIST CSF — National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework

Organizes cybersecurity outcomes and risk-management communication.

NIST SP 800-53 — NIST Special Publication 800-53

Catalogs security and privacy controls for information systems and organizations.

OCTAVE — Operationally Critical Threat, Asset, and Vulnerability Evaluation

Evaluates organizational information-security risks using operational context.

PASTA — Process for Attack Simulation and Threat Analysis

Structures risk-oriented threat modeling around business and technical context.

PCI DSS — Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard

Defines security requirements for scoped payment-account environments.

PHI — Protected Health Information

Names identifiable health information protected in a HIPAA context.

PII — Personally Identifiable Information

Identifies or can be linked to an individual in a given context.

POA&M — Plan of Action and Milestones

Tracks remediation actions, responsibilities, and target milestones.

RACI — Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, and Informed

Clarifies roles in a process or decision.

RFI (procurement) — Request for Information

Collects supplier or market information before a purchasing decision.

RFP — Request for Proposal

Invites suppliers to propose a solution to stated requirements.

RFQ — Request for Quotation

Requests pricing for specified goods or services.

RMF — Risk Management Framework

Structures security and privacy risk management across a system lifecycle.

RPO — Recovery Point Objective

Sets the acceptable age of recoverable data after disruption.

RTO — Recovery Time Objective

Sets a target duration for restoring a service.

SBOM — Software Bill of Materials

Inventories software components and their relationships.

SDLC — Software Development Life Cycle

Organizes software planning, development, operation, and retirement.

SLE — Single Loss Expectancy

Estimates loss from one event as asset value times exposure factor.

SOC 2 — System and Organization Controls 2

Reports on scoped service-organization controls against applicable trust services criteria.

SOP — Standard Operating Procedure

Documents repeatable operating steps.

SOW — Statement of Work

Defines scoped work, deliverables, and related terms.

SOX — Sarbanes-Oxley Act

Establishes US corporate reporting and internal-control requirements in its scope.

STRIDE — Spoofing, Tampering, Repudiation, Information Disclosure, Denial of Service, and Elevation of Privilege

Categorizes threats using six classes of undesirable behavior.

VAST — Visual, Agile, and Simple Threat modeling

Names a threat-modeling approach designed for scalable organizational workflows.

Apache License 2.0

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BSD 3-Clause License

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Gemma Terms of Use

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GNU AGPL v3

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GNU GPL v3

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Health AI Developer Foundations terms

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Llama 2 Community License

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MIT License

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Model licensing and upstream terms

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Mozilla Public License 2.0

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.arrow — Arrow IPC file

Data & configuration: understand the .arrow format, structure and safe handling.

.css — CSS stylesheet

Web & source: understand the .css format, structure and safe handling.

.csv — CSV table

Data & configuration: understand the .csv format, structure and safe handling.

.gguf — GGUF model file

AI model files: understand the .gguf format, structure and safe handling.

.glb — Binary glTF

Images & 3D: understand the .glb format, structure and safe handling.

.gltf — glTF scene

Images & 3D: understand the .gltf format, structure and safe handling.

.gz — Gzip compressed data

Archives & packages: understand the .gz format, structure and safe handling.

.html — HTML document

Web & source: understand the .html format, structure and safe handling.

.ipynb — Jupyter notebook

AI model files: understand the .ipynb format, structure and safe handling.

.js — JavaScript source

Web & source: understand the .js format, structure and safe handling.

.json — JSON data

Data & configuration: understand the .json format, structure and safe handling.

.jsonl — JSON Lines

Data & configuration: understand the .jsonl format, structure and safe handling.

.md — Markdown document

Documents: understand the .md format, structure and safe handling.

.onnx — ONNX model

AI model files: understand the .onnx format, structure and safe handling.

.parquet — Parquet dataset

Data & configuration: understand the .parquet format, structure and safe handling.

.pdf — PDF document

Documents: understand the .pdf format, structure and safe handling.

.png — PNG raster image

Images & 3D: understand the .png format, structure and safe handling.

.proto — Protocol Buffers schema

Data & configuration: understand the .proto format, structure and safe handling.

.py — Python source

Web & source: understand the .py format, structure and safe handling.

.safetensors — SafeTensors weights

AI model files: understand the .safetensors format, structure and safe handling.

.sql — SQL script

Data & configuration: understand the .sql format, structure and safe handling.

.svg — SVG vector image

Images & 3D: understand the .svg format, structure and safe handling.

.toml — TOML configuration

Data & configuration: understand the .toml format, structure and safe handling.

.ts — TypeScript source

Web & source: understand the .ts format, structure and safe handling.

.tsx — TypeScript with JSX

Web & source: understand the .tsx format, structure and safe handling.

.wasm — WebAssembly module

Web & source: understand the .wasm format, structure and safe handling.

.webp — WebP image

Images & 3D: understand the .webp format, structure and safe handling.

.xml — XML document

Data & configuration: understand the .xml format, structure and safe handling.

.yaml — YAML configuration

Data & configuration: understand the .yaml format, structure and safe handling.

.zip — ZIP archive

Archives & packages: understand the .zip format, structure and safe handling.

Abstract Syntax Tree (AST)

Represents source structure while omitting incidental textual details

Ahead-of-Time Compilation (AOT)

Compiles code before deployment or execution begins

AWK

records fields matching and streaming text summaries

Bash

shell scripts pipelines quoting and process automation

Bytecode

Encodes portable virtual-machine instructions between source and native machine code

C#

Microsoft's flagship language

C++

C with abstractions — performance-critical software

Call Stack

Stores active function frames, return locations, and local execution state

Clojure

jvm lisp immutable collections and managed state

Closure

Combines a function with captured variables from its defining scope

CoffeeScript

concise language that compiles to javascript

Common Lisp

interactive development macros and dynamic programming

Compiler Optimization

Transforms a program to improve performance or size while preserving defined behavior

Crystal

ruby-inspired syntax static typing and native compilation

D

native compilation templates ranges and metaprogramming

Dart

client-optimized language for multi-platform apps

Dynamic Typing

Associates types with runtime values and checks operations during execution

Elixir

beam concurrency immutable data and fault-tolerant systems

Elm

typed browser applications model update and view

Erlang

otp processes message passing and fault tolerance

F#

typed functional programming in the dotnet ecosystem

Functional Programming

Builds programs from function composition, immutable values, and explicit data transformation

Garbage Collection

Automatically reclaims memory no longer reachable by a program

Gleam

beam and javascript targets with explicit result types

Go (Golang)

compiled language for concurrent networked software

Groovy

dynamic and static java-compatible scripting

Haskell

static types lazy evaluation and explicit effects

Heap Memory

Provides dynamically allocated storage whose lifetime is independent of one call frame

Intermediate Representation (IR)

Expresses a program in a form designed for analysis and transformation

Java

write once, run anywhere — enterprise workhorse

JavaScript

the language of the browser (and beyond)

Julia

multiple dispatch numerical programming and compilation

Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT)

Compiles code during execution using observed runtime information

Kotlin

a statically typed language for jvm and multiplatform

Lexical Analysis

Converts source characters into classified tokens

Lua

lightweight scripting tables and host integration

Memory Management

Allocates, tracks, protects, and releases process memory

Nim

type inference metaprogramming and multiple compilation backends

Objective-C

message dispatch cocoa and apple application code

OCaml

pattern matching modules and expressive static types

Ownership Model

Assigns responsibility for resource lifetime through compile-time rules

Parsing

Builds grammatical structure from a token sequence

Perl

text processing regular expressions and automation

PowerShell

cross-platform dotnet object pipelines and scripting

Prolog

facts rules unification and backtracking

PureScript

functional types and effects compiled to javascript

Python

readable general-purpose language; king of data & AI

R

statistical computing graphics and data analysis

Racket

lisp language creation macros and interactive development

Recursion

Defines a computation in terms of smaller instances of itself

ReScript

static types inference and javascript interoperability

Ruby

a dynamic, object-oriented scripting language

Rust

a memory-safe systems programming language

Scala

typed jvm programming with functional abstractions

Scheme

lexical scope first-class procedures and minimal core

Solidity

typed contracts compiled for the ethereum virtual machine

Static Typing

Checks type constraints before program execution

Swift

a safe compiled language for apple platforms

Type Inference

Deduces expression types from rules and usage instead of explicit annotations

TypeScript

JavaScript with static types

Vyper

python-like contract syntax with a restricted feature set

Zig

explicit allocation compile-time execution and c interoperability

Zsh

completion globbing shell customization and scripting

Alpine.js

html directives local state and small interactions

Angular

batteries-included enterprise SPA framework

Astro

content-focused server rendering and interactive islands

Blazor

csharp razor components server and webassembly rendering

Bootstrap

responsive grid utility classes and reusable components

CSS

style & layout language of the web

D3.js

data joins scales layouts and browser graphics

Flutter

ui toolkit for natively compiled cross-platform apps

HTML

the document skeleton of the web

htmx

server-driven html updates through attributes

jQuery

the DOM helper that unified the old web

Next.js

react framework for full-stack web apps

Nuxt (nuxt)

vue framework for full-stack web apps

React

component UI library, one-way data flow

React Native

cross-platform native apps with javascript

Redux

actions reducers predictable updates and redux toolkit

shadcn/ui

owned react component source with tailwind styling

SolidJS

fine-grained reactive signals and declarative components

Svelte

compiler-based reactive ui for fast web apps

SvelteKit

svelte routing data loading rendering and server endpoints

Tailwind CSS

utility-first css framework for rapid ui building

TanStack Query

react query caching refetching mutations and invalidation

TanStack Router

typed routes search parameters and route data loading

Three.js

browser scenes cameras materials and interactive rendering

Vue

progressive framework for reactive web interfaces

XState

explicit states events transitions and workflow actors

Zustand

small stores actions selectors and react bindings

.NET

Microsoft's cross-platform app framework

Abstract Factory Pattern

Creates related object families through a common interface

Abstraction

Exposes essential behavior while suppressing unnecessary implementation detail

Adapter Pattern

Translates one interface into another expected by a client

Anti-Corruption Layer

Translates between a domain model and an external or legacy model

Apache HTTP Server (apachehttpd)

open-source web server for http and https delivery

Apache Pulsar

persistent topics subscriptions and multi-tenant messaging

API Gateway Pattern

Provides one managed entry point that routes and governs calls to backend services

ASP.NET Core

cross-platform web apis middleware and dependency injection

Builder Pattern

Constructs a complex object through explicit incremental configuration

Bulkhead Pattern

Partitions resources so one workload cannot consume every shared capacity

Bun (bun)

fast js runtime and toolkit for backend apps

Cache Invalidation

Removes or refreshes stored results when their validity changes

Caching

Stores reusable results nearer to consumers under freshness rules

Caddy

automatic https static files and proxy routing

Circuit Breaker Pattern

Stops calls to a failing dependency until a recovery probe is allowed

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

Represents IP prefixes with a variable-length network mask

Cognitive Complexity

Estimates how difficult control flow is for a person to understand

Command Pattern

Represents a request as an object with execution semantics

Command Query Responsibility Segregation (CQRS)

Separates models used to change state from models used to read it

Composition over Inheritance

Builds behavior from collaborating components instead of deep class hierarchies

Content Delivery Network (CDN)

Serves cached content from geographically distributed edge locations

Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS)

Uses HTTP headers to permit selected browser cross-origin reads

Cyclomatic Complexity

Counts independent control-flow paths through a program unit

Decorator Pattern

Wraps an object to add behavior while preserving its interface

Deno

secure javascript/typescript runtime for backends

Dependency Injection

Supplies an object's collaborators from outside rather than constructing them internally

Dependency Inversion Principle

Makes high-level policy depend on abstractions rather than concrete low-level details

Design by Contract

Specifies preconditions, postconditions, and invariants for software operations

Django

a batteries-included python web framework

Domain Name System (DNS)

Maps hierarchical names to records such as IP addresses and mail routes

Domain-Driven Design

modeling complex business domains in software

Don't Repeat Yourself (DRY)

Keeps each piece of knowledge represented by one authoritative source

Encapsulation

Hides mutable representation behind a controlled public boundary

Envoy

service traffic routing load balancing and observability

Event Sourcing

Stores an append-only sequence of domain events as the authoritative state history

Event-Driven Architecture

services reacting to published events asynchronously

Express

minimal http routing and middleware

Facade Pattern

Presents a simplified interface over a more complex subsystem

Factory Method Pattern

Defers concrete object creation behind an overridable creation operation

Fail-Fast Principle

Detects invalid state near its origin and stops before corruption spreads

FastAPI

modern python framework for fast web apis

Fastify

schema-based validation serialization and encapsulated plugins

Fluent Interface

Chains readable method calls that progressively configure an object or operation

Function Calling

connect model outputs to external tools and systems

GraphQL

a typed api query language and runtime

gRPC (grpc)

high-performance rpc over http/2 with protobuf

HAProxy

reverse proxying health checks and backend traffic distribution

Health Check

Tests whether an instance is alive, ready, or functioning

High Cohesion

Keeps strongly related behavior and data together

Hono

lightweight routing across javascript runtimes

HTTP ETag

Identifies a selected resource representation for conditional requests

HTTP Headers

Carry request and response metadata separate from representation content

HTTP Protocol Semantics

Defines request-response semantics for transferring representations and controlling resources

HTTP/2

Multiplexes binary-framed streams over one TCP connection

HTTP/3

Carries HTTP semantics over QUIC streams

Idempotency

Makes repeated execution have the same intended effect as one execution

Immutability

Prevents a value from changing after construction

Interface Segregation Principle

Prefers focused interfaces so clients depend only on operations they use

IP Addressing

Identifies network interfaces for packet routing across interconnected networks

JSON

Represents nested data with objects, arrays, strings, numbers, booleans, and null

Keep It Simple (KISS)

Prefers the simplest design that satisfies known requirements

Laravel

php framework for rapid backend web apps

Law of Demeter

Limits an object to collaborating with its immediate acquaintances

Layered Architecture

Organizes responsibilities into ordered layers with controlled dependencies

Liskov Substitution Principle

Requires subtypes to preserve the behavioral contract of their base type

Load Balancing

Distributes requests across available service instances

Loose Coupling

Minimizes assumptions components make about each other's implementation

Method Chaining

Returns a receiver or compatible object so another method can be called immediately

Microservices Architecture

an app style using small independent services

Model Context Protocol (MCP)

standardized prompts, resources and tools for AI applications

NATS

subjects pub-sub request-reply and jetstream

NestJS

typescript modules controllers and dependency injection

Network Address Translation (NAT)

Rewrites address and port fields between network realms

NGINX (nginx)

event-driven reverse proxy and web server

Node.js

JavaScript runtime on the server

Observer Pattern

Notifies subscribed dependents when a subject changes

Open-Closed Principle

Designs behavior to be extendable without repeatedly editing stable code

Phoenix

beam web applications channels and live interfaces

PHP

the language that built the everyday web

Protocol Buffers

Serializes schema-defined messages into compact binary form

Proxy Pattern

Places a stand-in that controls access to another object or service

Publish-Subscribe

Delivers published messages to interested subscribers through an intermediary channel

QUIC

Provides encrypted multiplexed transport over UDP

RabbitMQ

message broker for reliable async communication

Redpanda

kafka-compatible streaming and event logs

Referential Transparency

Allows an expression to be replaced by its value without changing behavior

Repository Pattern

Provides collection-like access to domain objects backed by persistence

Reverse Proxy

Accepts client traffic and forwards it to origin services

Ruby on Rails (Rails)

opinionated mvc framework for web backends

Saga Pattern

Coordinates a distributed business transaction through local commits and compensations

Separation of Concerns

Divides a system into parts responsible for distinct concerns

Serialization

Encodes structured values into bytes or text for storage or transport

Server-Sent Events (SSE)

Streams one-way text events from an HTTP server to a browser

Service Discovery

Finds current network locations and metadata for service instances

Single Responsibility Principle

Gives a module one coherent reason to change

Single Source of Truth

Designates one authoritative representation for a fact within a defined scope

Spring Boot

java toolkit for fast production backends

State Pattern

Delegates behavior to an object representing the current state

Strangler Fig Pattern

Replaces a legacy system gradually by routing capabilities to new implementations

Strategy Pattern

Encapsulates interchangeable algorithms behind one interface

Structured Outputs

model outputs matched to developer-supplied JSON Schemas

Tool-Calling Agents

AI agents using tools to fetch data, run code and call APIs

Traefik

dynamic service discovery and incoming request routing

Transactional Outbox Pattern

Writes domain changes and pending messages in one local transaction

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Provides an ordered reliable byte stream with congestion and flow control

Unit of Work Pattern

Tracks related object changes and commits them as one transaction

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Sends independent datagrams without built-in ordering or retransmission

WebAssembly

wasm sandboxed execution and compilation target

Webhook

Delivers an HTTP callback when an event occurs

You Aren't Gonna Need It (YAGNI)

Defers speculative features until a real requirement exists

ACID — Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability

Describes transaction properties in database systems.

ACID Properties

Describe atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability for transactions

Adjacency List

Stores each graph vertex with a collection of its neighboring edges

Agentic RAG

RAG systems where agents search, plan and use memory

Algorithmic Complexity

Describes how time or space requirements grow with input size

Amortized Analysis

Averages operation cost across a worst-case sequence without probability assumptions

Apache Airflow (airflow)

python-based workflow orchestrator for data pipelines

Apache Arrow

interoperable in-memory columnar data and interchange

Apache Cassandra

a distributed wide-column nosql database

Apache CouchDB

json documents http access and replication

Apache Flink

stateful streams event time and checkpoints

Apache Hive

sql warehouse tables and metadata for distributed data

Apache Iceberg

lakehouse snapshots schema evolution and table metadata

Apache Kafka (kafka)

a distributed event streaming platform

Apache Parquet

compressed analytical files column pruning and schemas

Apache Solr

lucene-based indexing faceting and text retrieval

Apache Spark

distributed engine for large-scale data pipelines

API — Application Programming Interface

Defines how software components interact.

ArangoDB

documents graphs and aql queries

Array Data Structure

Stores indexed elements in a contiguous logical sequence

B-Tree

Stores many ordered keys per node to reduce tree height and storage reads

Backtracking

Builds candidates incrementally and abandons choices that cannot succeed

Backward Compatibility

Allows newer implementations to accept or preserve behavior expected by older clients or data

Bellman-Ford Algorithm

Relaxes every edge repeatedly to find shortest paths with negative weights

Big O Notation

Expresses an asymptotic upper bound on growth

Binary Search Tree

Maintains ordered keys so left and right subtrees partition comparisons

Binary Tree

Organizes nodes with at most two child links

Bloom Filter

Tests probabilistic set membership with multiple hashes over a bit array

Branch and Bound

Prunes optimization search using bounds on the best possible descendant solution

BYOK — Bring Your Own Key

Imports or supplies customer-controlled key material to a supported service.

Change Data Capture (CDC)

Emits inserts, updates, and deletes from a database change stream

Chroma

embedding collections document retrieval and metadata

ClickHouse

olap database for large-scale event analytics

CLS — Column-Level Security

Restricts access to selected columns in supported data platforms.

CMEK — Customer-Managed Encryption Key

Names customer-controlled encryption-key integration in supported cloud services.

CMK — Customer-Managed Key

Gives a customer control over supported encryption-key lifecycle and access decisions.

CNN (Convolutional Neural Network)

neural networks that learn local spatial features

CockroachDB

replicated transactional sql across nodes

Consistent Hashing

Maps keys and nodes onto a ring so membership changes move relatively few keys

Couchbase

json documents key-value access and sql queries

DACPAC — Data-tier Application Package

Packages a supported SQL database schema model and related deployment information.

Data Lake

Stores large volumes of raw or lightly processed data in open-ended formats

Data Warehouse

Integrates curated historical data for analytics and reporting

Database Denormalization

Duplicates or precomputes data to optimize selected read paths

Database Index

Maintains a searchable structure that maps keys to stored records

Database Normalization

Structures relational data to reduce redundancy and update anomalies

Database Schema Migration

Applies versioned structural changes to a database

Database Transaction

Groups operations into one commit or rollback boundary

Databricks

unified lakehouse platform for data and ai

DBMS — Database Management System

Provides software for storing, querying, and managing databases.

dbt (data build tool)

sql-first transformation workflow for analytics

DDM (database) — Dynamic Data Masking

Changes the presentation of selected data for eligible query contexts.

DEK — Data Encryption Key

Encrypts data within a supported key hierarchy.

Delta Lake

transaction logs reliable tables and schema enforcement

Deque Data Structure

Supports insertion and removal at both ends of a sequence

Disjoint-Set Union

Maintains nonoverlapping sets with efficient find and union operations

Divide and Conquer

Splits a problem into independent subproblems and combines their solutions

DMV — Dynamic Management View

Exposes supported SQL Server engine state and diagnostic information.

DTS — Data Transformation Services

Names a legacy Microsoft SQL Server data-integration feature family.

DuckDB

in-process sql analytics over tables and files

Elasticsearch

distributed search and analytics engine

ELT — Extract, Load, Transform

Loads extracted data before transforming it in the target platform.

ETL — Extract, Transform, Load

Transforms extracted data before loading it into a target.

Floyd-Warshall Algorithm

Uses dynamic programming to compute shortest paths between all vertex pairs

Foreign Key

Constrains a column value to reference an existing key in another relation

Graph Data Structure

Represents entities as vertices connected by directed or undirected edges

Hadoop

distributed storage yarn and mapreduce ecosystem

Hash Table

Maps keys to storage locations through a hash function and collision policy

HDFS

hadoop block storage replication and namenodes

Heap Data Structure

Maintains an extremal key at the root under a partial ordering

Heapsort

Builds a heap and repeatedly extracts its extremal element

HTAP — Hybrid Transactional and Analytical Processing

Combines supported transactional and analytical processing in a coordinated system.

HYOK — Hold Your Own Key

Describes designs that retain key control outside a service provider's ordinary key custody.

InfluxDB

timestamped measurements telemetry and time-window queries

JDBC — Java Database Connectivity

Provides Java interfaces for accessing databases through drivers.

KEK — Key Encryption Key

Protects other cryptographic keys in supported key-wrapping or encryption designs.

Knuth-Morris-Pratt Algorithm

Uses a prefix table to avoid rechecking text after a pattern mismatch

Kruskal's Algorithm

Builds a minimum spanning tree by accepting safe edges in increasing weight order

Levenshtein Distance

Counts the minimum insertions, deletions, and substitutions between strings

Linked List

Connects elements through references to the next or previous node

MariaDB

open-source relational database server

Materialized View

Stores a query result for later refresh and fast reading

Meilisearch

search-as-you-type typo tolerance and filtering

Memcached

ephemeral key-value caching to reduce backend load

Merge Sort

Recursively sorts halves and merges their ordered outputs

Milvus

scalable vector indexing and similarity retrieval

MongoDB

document-oriented nosql database for flexible apps

Multi-Version Concurrency Control (MVCC)

Keeps multiple row versions so readers and writers interfere less

Neo4j

property graphs relationships and cypher queries

NumPy

multidimensional arrays broadcasting and vectorized math

ODBC — Open Database Connectivity

Provides a standard API for accessing database systems through drivers.

Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

Runs complex scans and aggregates over historical multidimensional data

Online Transaction Processing (OLTP)

Handles many short concurrent business transactions

OpenSearch

indexed document search aggregations and dashboards

Oracle Database

enterprise relational database management system

pandas

dataframes labeled tables joins and groupby

Pinecone

hosted vector search for semantic retrieval

Polars

columnar dataframes expressions and lazy queries

PostgreSQL

the open-source relational database of record

Power BI

powerbi semantic models dax dashboards and reports

Prim's Algorithm

Grows a minimum spanning tree from the cheapest edge crossing its frontier

Primary Key

Uniquely identifies each row in a relational table

Priority Queue

Removes items according to priority rather than arrival time

PyTorch

python-first deep learning and tensor framework

Qdrant

vector similarity search with payload filtering

Query Execution Plan

Describes the physical operators selected to run a database query

Query Planner

Chooses scans, joins, ordering, and access paths for a database query

Queue Data Structure

Adds values at one end and removes them in first-in, first-out order

Quicksort

Partitions values around a pivot and recursively sorts the partitions

Rabin-Karp Algorithm

Uses rolling hashes to find candidate substring matches

RDBMS — Relational Database Management System

Stores and manages data using relational structures.

Red-Black Tree

Uses coloring invariants to keep a binary search tree approximately balanced

Redis

in-memory key-value store for caching and real-time data

Reservoir Sampling

Selects a uniform sample from a stream of unknown or large length

Ring Buffer

Reuses a fixed-size array through wrapping read and write positions

RLS — Row-Level Security

Filters or constrains data access at a row scope.

SciPy

optimization integration statistics and scientific algorithms

ScyllaDB

partition-oriented nosql data and cql access

Snowflake

cloud data warehouse, storage/compute separated

SQL

the universal language of data

SQLite

an embedded serverless relational database engine

SSAS — SQL Server Analysis Services

Provides supported analytical data models and processing.

SSIS — SQL Server Integration Services

Builds and runs supported data-integration and transformation workflows.

SSRS — SQL Server Reporting Services

Provides supported paginated reporting and report management.

Stack Data Structure

Adds and removes values in last-in, first-out order

SurrealDB

records graph relationships and surrealql

Synthetic Data for AI

artificial examples used to train, test or evaluate AI systems

Tableau

interactive business intelligence and visual data exploration

TDE — Transparent Data Encryption

Encrypts supported database storage files at rest through database-engine mechanisms.

TensorFlow

an open-source framework for machine learning workflows

TiDB

mysql-compatible distributed transactions and analytics

TimescaleDB

hypertables time partitioning and analytical sql

Topological Sort

Orders a directed acyclic graph so every dependency precedes its dependent

Transaction Isolation Level

Controls which effects concurrent transactions may observe

Trie

Stores keys by sharing prefixes along tree paths

Trino

federated analytics across heterogeneous data sources

Typesense

typed collections typo-tolerant search and facets

Valkey

caching streams data structures and optional persistence

Vector Search for AI

embedding-based retrieval for generative AI applications

Vision Transformer (ViT)

image patches processed with transformer attention

Weaviate

vector keyword and hybrid retrieval with object metadata

Write-Ahead Log (WAL)

Records changes durably before modified data pages are written

YugabyteDB

postgresql-compatible api and distributed storage

A* Search

Ranks paths by known cost plus an estimate of remaining cost

A100 80GB

NVIDIA accelerator; 80GB device memory.

Abridge

clinical documentation and healthcare intelligence layer

Adam Optimizer

Combines momentum-like gradient averages with per-parameter squared-gradient scaling

Adobe (ChatGPT plugin)

Adobe unlocks more ways to create and get work done from the conversation. Previously available as Photoshop, the Adobe connector now brings creativity and productivity capabilities across Creative Cloud and Acrobat. Describe what you want to make or change, and Adobe can help turn ideas, images, videos, and documents into polished outputs — from editing photos and creating PDFs to designing social assets, resizing videos, searching Creative Cloud assets, and generating data-driven documents. Ke

Adobe (Claude connector)

Design, combine, and edit with Adobe pro tools

Adobe Express (ChatGPT plugin)

Adobe Express helps you create designs for free. Start creating with templates, customize text, adjust colors, and swap images to match your style. Curious what else it can do? Just ask in the chat.

Adobe Marketing Agent (Claude connector)

Marketing campaign and audience insights from Adobe

Adversarial Examples

Inputs deliberately perturbed to induce model errors

Agent Checkpointing

Saves a recoverable snapshot of workflow state at controlled boundaries

Agent Context Management

Selects, compacts, orders, and supplies information for each model turn

Agent Delegation Loop

Keeps a manager in control while it invokes specialist agents as bounded tools

Agent Evaluation Loop

Runs representative tasks, scores traces and outcomes, then feeds failures into improvements

Agent execution runtime

Executes tool calls and tracks a model-driven workflow.

Agent Guardrails

Checks or constrains inputs, outputs, and tool activity at defined workflow boundaries

Agent Handoff Loop

Transfers active control and relevant context from one agent to another specialist

Agent Harness

Wraps a model with instructions, tools, state, policies, and an execution loop

Agent Memory

State retained or retrieved to support an agent across steps or sessions

Agent Retry Loop

Repeats a failed operation under bounded attempts, delay, and error-specific policy

Agent Routing Workflow

Classifies an input and sends it to the best specialized model, prompt, toolset, or agent

Agent Run

Represents one bounded attempt to pursue a goal through one or more model turns

Agent Runtime

Executes model turns, tool calls, handoffs, pauses, retries, and final outputs

Agent State

Stores the information required to continue, inspect, or resume an agent run

Agent Termination Condition

Defines when an agent succeeds, fails, pauses, or stops because a budget is exhausted

Agent Tool Registry

Exposes named tools and their contracts to an agent for discovery and invocation

Agent Tracing

Records runs as linked spans for model calls, tools, handoffs, guardrails, and custom events

Agent Turn

Processes current context through a model and handles the resulting action or answer

Agent2Agent (A2A) Protocol

Agent to agent communication for discovery, delegation, and task results

AgentMail (ChatGPT plugin)

AgentMail gives AI agents their own email inboxes. Through this connector, an agent (or you, in ChatGPT) can spin up a dedicated inbox on the fly, then send, receive, reply to, and forward email, with full thread context, drafts, and attachments, entirely through tool calls.

AGI — Artificial General Intelligence

Names a research concept for broadly capable machine intelligence across tasks.

Ahrefs (Claude connector)

SEO & AI search analytics

AI — Artificial Intelligence

Describes systems performing tasks associated with intelligent behavior.

AI Alignment

Methods for making AI behavior conform to intended goals and constraints

AI Hallucination

Producing unsupported or false content with confident form

AI Red Teaming

Actively probes an AI system for harmful, insecure, deceptive, or policy-violating behavior

AI Threat Modeling

Maps assets, trust boundaries, attackers, misuse cases, and mitigations for an AI system

Airtable (Claude connector)

Bring your structured data to Claude

Alation (ChatGPT plugin)

Alation brings trusted enterprise data context into ChatGPT.

all-MiniLM-L6-v2

sentence-similarity model from sentence-transformers. Find semantically related passages for retrieval.

all-mpnet-base-v2

sentence-similarity model from sentence-transformers. Find semantically related passages for retrieval.

Amplitude (ChatGPT plugin)

Connect your Amplitude workspace to search charts and dashboards, query metrics and experiment results, explore events and properties, and create or update charts, dashboards, and alerts — without leaving the conversation. Amplitude is the product intelligence platform teams use to understand user behavior, measure impact, and decide what to build next.

Amplitude (Claude connector)

Search, access, and get insights on your Amplitude data

ANI — Artificial Narrow Intelligence

Describes AI focused on limited tasks or application domains.

ANN — Artificial Neural Network

Names a network of artificial computational neurons.

Anthropic

reliable, interpretable and steerable AI systems

Anthropic Economic Index (Claude connector)

Explore public data on how the world uses Claude

Apollo.io (ChatGPT plugin)

Apollo’s io connector lets ChatGPT safely work inside your Apollo workspace to accelerate prospecting and outbound execution. Search and qualify accounts and contacts using Apollo’s data, enrich records, summarize key context, and take action (e.g., create lists, log notes, generate tasks, and draft or assemble outbound using sequences) using your team’s rules and permissions. Designed for speed and control: ChatGPT can pull only what you ask for, respect workspace access, and produce outputs th

Apollo.io (Claude connector)

Find, enrich, and reach ideal prospects, on Claude

Apple M3

Apple Apple silicon family with unified memory; 24GB maximum family capacity.

Apple M3 Max

Apple Apple silicon family with unified memory; 128GB maximum family capacity.

Apple M3 Pro

Apple Apple silicon family with unified memory; 36GB maximum family capacity.

Apple M3 Ultra

Apple Apple silicon family with unified memory; 512GB maximum family capacity.

Apple M4

Apple Apple silicon family with unified memory; 32GB maximum family capacity.

Apple M4 Max

Apple Apple silicon family with unified memory; 128GB maximum family capacity.

Apple M4 Pro

Apple Apple silicon family with unified memory; 64GB maximum family capacity.

Apple M5

Apple Apple silicon family with unified memory; 32GB maximum family capacity.

Apple M5 Max

Apple Apple silicon family with unified memory; 128GB maximum family capacity.

Apple M5 Pro

Apple Apple silicon family with unified memory; 64GB maximum family capacity.

Apple M5 Ultra

Apple Apple silicon family with unified memory; 512GB maximum family capacity.

Arc B580

Intel accelerator; 12GB device memory.

Asana (ChatGPT plugin)

Work with your Asana tasks, subtasks, comments, due dates, and project details to create summaries, understand priorities, and prepare clear status updates

Asana (Claude connector)

Connect to Asana to coordinate tasks, projects, and goals

ASR (speech) — Automatic Speech Recognition

Converts speech audio into recognized text.

Atlassian (ChatGPT plugin)

The Atlassian MCP Server connects ChatGPT and Codex to your Atlassian workspace, so you can work with Jira, Confluence, Bitbucket, Loom, and more directly from your conversation.

Atlassian MCP (Claude connector)

Search, read and update Jira, Confluence, Bitbucket, Loom and other Atlassian apps with your existing Atlassian permissions.

Attention Mechanism

Weighting relevant positions when computing a representation

Attio (ChatGPT plugin)

Attio connects ChatGPT directly to your CRM workspace, letting you manage customer relationships through natural conversation.

audio.cpp-gguf

text-to-speech model from audio-cpp. Create spoken audio for accessibility and voice interfaces.

Automatic Differentiation

Computes derivatives by composing exact local derivative rules for program operations

AWS Data Analytics (ChatGPT plugin)

Data lake, analytics, and ETL workflows with S3 Tables, AWS Glue, and Athena. Covers managed Iceberg tables on S3 Tables, ingestion from JDBC databases, Amazon Redshift, Snowflake, BigQuery, and DynamoDB, AWS Glue Data Catalog inventory and asset discovery, federated Athena queries, and vector storage and semantic search on Amazon S3 Vectors.

Azure Cosmos DB (ChatGPT plugin)

Official Codex plugin for Azure Cosmos DB (NoSQL). Best practice skills for data modeling, queries, indexing, vector search, security, and more.

B200 HGX 180GB

NVIDIA accelerator; 180GB device memory.

babbage-002

Replacement for the GPT-3 ada and babbage base models

Backpropagation

Applies the chain rule backward through a computation graph to obtain gradients

Base44 (ChatGPT plugin)

Build fully functional apps and websites with AI in minutes. No code, just your words. Base44 turns a single sentence into a real product. Describe what you want and watch it get built in minutes. Edit, design, and add features from chat, connect tools in one click, add smart agents, schedule tasks on autopilot, and track analytics If you can describe it, you can build it with Base44.

BF16 — Brain Floating Point 16

Names a 16-bit floating-point format with an exponent range like FP32.

bge-base-en-v1.5

feature-extraction model from BAAI. Represent content as vectors for downstream analysis.

bge-large-en-v1.5

feature-extraction model from BAAI. Represent content as vectors for downstream analysis.

bge-m3

sentence-similarity model from BAAI. Find semantically related passages for retrieval.

bge-small-en-v1.5

feature-extraction model from BAAI. Represent content as vectors for downstream analysis.

BigQuery (ChatGPT plugin)

Work with BigQuery through the provider-native BigQuery connector, including projects, datasets, tables, jobs, routines, models, row access policies, IAM, and query results.

Binary Search

Repeatedly halves a sorted search interval by comparing its midpoint

bioRxiv (Claude connector)

Access bioRxiv and medRxiv preprint data

blip-image-captioning-base

image-to-text model from Salesforce. Extract captions or written content from images.

Blockscout Blockchain Data (ChatGPT plugin)

Query live blockchain data across 90+ EVM-compatible blockchain networks directly in ChatGPT. Blockscout gives you instant access to wallet balances, transaction histories, token holdings, NFTs, smart contract source code, and contract ABIs, no API keys required.

Booking.com (ChatGPT plugin)

Explore millions of stays, unforgettable attractions and find the ideal rental car for your next getaway, directly with Booking.com on ChatGPT.

Booking.com (Claude connector)

Find hotels, homes and more

Box (ChatGPT plugin)

The Box MCP server is a secure bridge that connects AI agents to content stored in Box, enabling agents to search and access files, use AI to query their documents, extract metadata fields, and more

Box (Claude connector)

Search, edit and get insights on your Box content

Breadth-First Search (BFS)

Explores a graph one distance layer at a time with a frontier queue

Byte Pair Encoding (BPE)

Building subword tokens by repeatedly merging frequent adjacent units

Calendly (ChatGPT plugin)

Bring Calendly into ChatGPT to take scheduling actions through simple prompts. Create and update event types, generate scheduling links, adjust availability, book or cancel meetings, and more — right in ChatGPT.

Calendly (Claude connector)

Manage event types, availability, and bookings.

Canva (ChatGPT plugin)

Bring your Canva design workflow into Codex and create, refine, and review designs through natural conversation.

Canva (Claude connector)

Search, create, autofill, and export Canva designs

Chain Rule

Differentiates a composed function by multiplying derivatives through its dependency path

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) Prompting

Chain of thought prompts with intermediate reasoning steps

Chat Latest

Latest Instant model used in ChatGPT

ChatGPT plugin platform

Adds skills and connected tools to ChatGPT workflows.

ChatGPT-4o

GPT-4o model used in ChatGPT

chatgpt-image-latest

Previous image model used in ChatGPT.

chatterbox

text-to-speech model from ResembleAI. Create spoken audio for accessibility and voice interfaces.

ChEMBL (Claude connector)

Access the ChEMBL Database

Claude

anthropic assistants and models for reasoning and work

Claude 1.0

Claude 1.0 is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude 1.1

Claude 1.1 is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude 1.2

Claude 1.2 is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude 1.3

Claude 1.3 is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude 2.0

Claude 2.0 is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude 2.1

Claude 2.1 is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude 3 Haiku

Claude 3 Haiku is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude 3 Opus

Claude 3 Opus is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude 3 Sonnet

Claude 3 Sonnet is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude 3.5 Haiku

Claude 3.5 Haiku is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude 3.5 Sonnet

Claude 3.5 Sonnet is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude 3.5 Sonnet (claude 3 5 sonnet 20241022)

Claude 3.5 Sonnet is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude 3.7 Sonnet

Claude 3.7 Sonnet is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude connector platform

Connects Claude to external tools and information through supported integrations.

Claude Fable

claude models for extended coding and knowledge work

Claude Fable 5

Claude Fable 5 is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude Fable 5.1

For demanding reasoning and long-horizon agentic work

Claude Haiku 4.5

Claude Haiku 4.5 is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude Haiku 5.5

For high-volume, latency-sensitive tasks such as classification, extraction, and routing

Claude Instant 1.0

Claude Instant 1.0 is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude Instant 1.1

Claude Instant 1.1 is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude Instant 1.2

Claude Instant 1.2 is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude Mythos 5

Claude Mythos 5 is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude Mythos 5.1

Claude Mythos 5.1 is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude Mythos Preview

Claude Mythos Preview is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude Opus 4

Claude Opus 4 is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude Opus 4.1

Claude Opus 4.1 is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude Opus 4.5

Claude Opus 4.5 is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude Opus 4.6

Claude Opus 4.6 is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude Opus 4.7

Claude Opus 4.7 is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude Opus 4.8

Claude Opus 4.8 is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude Opus 5

Claude Opus 5 is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude Opus 5.5

For long-running agentic coding and knowledge work

Claude Sonnet 4

Claude Sonnet 4 is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude Sonnet 4.5

Claude Sonnet 4.5 is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude Sonnet 4.6

Claude Sonnet 4.6 is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude Sonnet 5

Claude Sonnet 5 is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Claude Sonnet 5.5

Claude Sonnet 5.5 is a versioned Claude language model. Consult its lifecycle and model documentation before selecting it.

Clay (Claude connector)

Find prospects. Research accounts. Personalize outreach

ClickHouse (ChatGPT plugin)

ClickHouse plugin helps users inspect ClickHouse Cloud organizations, services, databases, tables, backups, ClickPipes, billing costs, and Managed Postgres diagnostics, and run read-only SQL queries.

ClickUp (ChatGPT plugin)

Manage tasks, collaborate with your team, and ship work without leaving ChatGPT or Codex. Post comments with threaded replies and @mentions to keep conversations moving. Send messages in ClickUp Chat. Write and edit Docs and pages. Track time, set custom fields, and search your entire workspace in natural language. Every action syncs to ClickUp in real time, so teammates see your updates instantly.

ClickUp (Claude connector)

Project management & collaboration for teams & agents

Clinical Trials (Claude connector)

Access ClinicalTrials.gov data

Close (ChatGPT plugin)

Close stores every call, email, SMS, and meeting your team touches, not just contact records. Connect it to ChatGPT and your conversation history becomes something you can actually work from.

Cloudflare Developer Platform (Claude connector)

Build applications with compute, storage, and AI

Coda (ChatGPT plugin)

Connects ChatGPT to your Coda workspace, allowing it to read docs, query tables, and take actions like creating or updating rows. Use ChatGPT to search for information, manage projects, and automate workflows powered by the data in Coda.

Code Review (Claude plugin)

AI code review with specialized agents and confidence-based filtering for pull requests

Code Simplifier (Claude plugin)

Code clarity agent: simplifies and refines recently modified code while preserving functionality and consistency.

Codex Security (ChatGPT plugin)

Codex Security workflows for security scans, analysis, and investigation.

codex-mini-latest

Fast reasoning model optimized for the Codex CLI

computer-use-preview

Specialized model for computer use tool

Consensus (ChatGPT plugin)

Consensus is the go-to MCP for academic research. Connect directly to 220M+ peer-reviewed papers to search, synthesize, and build structured research outputs from within your conversation.

Consensus (Claude connector)

Explore scientific research

Context Compaction

Replaces selected history with a shorter representation while retaining needed facts

Context Window

The token span a model can process in one request

Context7 (ChatGPT plugin)

LLMs rely on outdated or generic information about the libraries you use. You get outdated code examples based on year-old training data and hallucinated APIs that don't even exist.

Context7 (Claude connector)

Up-to-date docs for LLMs and AI code editors

Context7 (Claude plugin)

Upstash Context7 MCP server for live docs lookup. Pull version-specific docs and code examples from source repos into LLM context.

CUDA — Compute Unified Device Architecture

Provides NVIDIA's parallel computing platform and programming model.

CV — Computer Vision

Extracts or generates useful representations from visual information.

Cycle Consistency

Penalizes failure to reconstruct an input after translating to another domain and back

Datadog (ChatGPT plugin)

Datadog MCP Server helps users investigate observability data, inspect dashboards and notebooks, load Datadog skill guidance, search Datadog entities, review change stories, and visualize Datadog metrics, logs, traces, RUM events, incidents, hosts, monitors, and events through ChatGPT for this scoped connection.

Datadog (Claude connector)

Debug and resolve issues using Datadog telemetry

Datadog Experiments (ChatGPT plugin)

This plugin is the best way to agentically interact with Datadog Product Analytics, Feature Flagging, and Experimentation

davinci-002

Replacement for the GPT-3 curie and davinci base models

Daybreak Blue

An alias for flagship general-purpose models with safeguards for defensive cybersecurity work.

Daybreak Red

An alias for advanced cybersecurity models for authorized vulnerability research and security testing.

dbt (ChatGPT plugin)

dbt MCP Server helps users inspect dbt projects, query dbt Semantic Layer metrics, review lineage and model metadata, run dbt commands, manage dbt Platform jobs, generate dbt boilerplate, and search official dbt documentation through ChatGPT.

DDPM — Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model

Learns a reverse denoising process associated with a probabilistic diffusion construction.

DeepSeek

language and reasoning models with api access

DeepSeek V4 Pro

DeepSeek model endpoint with thinking, tool calls and structured output. Displayed prices are peak rates; off-peak is half.

DeepSeek V4.1 Flash

DeepSeek model endpoint with thinking, tool calls and structured output. Displayed prices are peak rates; off-peak is half.

DeepSeek-R1-0528

Reasoning model; longer inference can increase latency and cost.

DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-32B

Smaller distilled reasoning model; not equivalent to full R1.

DeepSeek-V3.2

text-generation model from deepseek-ai. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

DeepSeek-V4-Flash-0731

text-generation model from deepseek-ai. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Depth-First Search (DFS)

Explores one graph branch deeply before backtracking to another branch

Derivative

Measures a function's instantaneous rate of change with respect to one variable

Descript (ChatGPT plugin)

Descript is a video editor you can direct through conversation.

Descript (Claude connector)

Import, edit, or create video with prompts

Devstral-Small-2505

24B software-engineering agent model for repository work.

Diffusion Models

Generating structured data through learned denoising

DigitalOcean (ChatGPT plugin)

Provision a DigitalOcean droplet as a remote Codex workspace.

Dijkstra's Algorithm

Finds shortest paths from one source when every edge weight is nonnegative

distilgpt2

text-generation model from distilbert. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

DiT — Diffusion Transformer

Uses transformer architecture in a diffusion-model design.

DL — Deep Learning

Uses neural networks with multiple learned processing layers.

Docusign (Claude connector)

Intelligent, secure contract management by Docusign

dolphin-2.9.1-yi-1.5-34b

text-generation model from dphn. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

DPO (Direct Preference Optimization)

Direct preference optimization using chosen and rejected response pairs

dreamshaper-7

text-to-image model from Lykon. Turn a written visual brief into an image.

Dropbox (ChatGPT plugin)

The Dropbox plugin brings your files directly into ChatGPT, so you can find and work with Dropbox content in conversation. Save ChatGPT-generated content to Dropbox or create sharing links without switching tools. Your existing Dropbox permissions always apply, and ChatGPT only accesses files available to you.

Dropbox (Claude connector)

Search, organize, and take action on your Dropbox content

Durable Agent Execution

Persists progress so a long-running agent can resume after pauses, failures, or restarts

Dynamic Programming

Solves overlapping subproblems once and combines their stored results

ElevenLabs

voice, speech, dubbing, music and agent platforms

ElevenLabs (Claude connector)

Manage your ElevenAgents voice agents in your chat

Embeddings

vectors encode semantic relationships for similarity search

Evaluator-Optimizer Loop

Alternates a generator with an evaluator that supplies criteria-based feedback

Event-Driven Agent Loop

Advances agent work when messages, timers, tool completions, or external events arrive

Exa (ChatGPT plugin)

Exa is the search engine for AI. Use Exa to search the web and data sources for code samples, docs, financial data, recent news, companies, people, research papers, and more. Exa is a token-efficient way to search the web.

Exa (Claude connector)

Web Search + Code Docs Search

Excalidraw (Claude connector)

MCP for creating interactive hand-drawn diagrams in Excalidraw

Expedia (ChatGPT plugin)

Plan your next trip with Expedia, right inside ChatGPT — an easy way to research and compare travel in everyday language. Ask for flights or hotels and see real-time prices, availability, and photos in the conversation. You can now link your Expedia account in ChatGPT to unlock member deals and personalized recommendations. • Search flights and hotels worldwide • Compare prices and view hotels on a map • Explore destinations and plan where to stay When you're ready, continue on Expedia to book a

Expedia (Claude connector)

Plan trips, flights and hotels

FactSet AI-Ready Data (Claude connector)

Access institutional-quality financial data and analytics

FastVideo-FastH3-4-step-Preview-v1-VSA-DataFree

text-to-video model from FastVideo. Create video clips from a written scene description.

Fathom – Your Meeting Intelligence Layer (Claude connector)

Your meeting notes, transcripts, and context – now part of every Claude conversation

Federated Learning

Training across decentralized data without centralizing raw examples

Few-Shot Learning

Adapting behavior or predictions from a small number of examples

Figma (ChatGPT plugin)

Bring your Figma workflows for creating, reviewing, and implementing designs into your ChatGPT and Codex conversations. Send your product screens to Figma where they become editable layers using your designs system components. Share these designs and collaborate with your team, or send them back to Codex to implement the designs in your codebase. You can also create and edit polished decks in Figma Slides, or generate diagrams in FigJam.

Figma (Claude connector)

Generate diagrams and better code from Figma context

finance-chat

Older 7B finance-domain research baseline; not validated for investment decisions.

Firecrawl (ChatGPT plugin)

Firecrawl helps users search the web, extract page and document content, discover structured data providers, and research developer documentation and scientific papers. It also supports browser interactions, multi-page crawls, structured research jobs, website change monitoring, and account credit-usage checks.

Firecrawl (Claude connector)

Search and extract web data

Fireflies (ChatGPT plugin)

The Fireflies app brings your meetings and knowledge directly into ChatGPT.

Fireflies (Claude connector)

Analyze and generate insights from meeting transcripts

Fireworks AI

fast inference and training for open-source models

Floot (ChatGPT plugin)

Build and host full-stack apps using your own ChatGPT subscription. No AI build credits required. Floot MCP Server exposes the entire platform as native ChatGPT tool calls: create a project, write code, provision a database, enable auth, manage file storage, and deploy, all from a single conversation. Your ChatGPT subscription does the building. Floot handles the infrastructure. One conversation in, one working, hosted app out.

FLUX.1-dev

text-to-image model from black-forest-labs. Turn a written visual brief into an image.

FP16 — 16-bit Floating Point

Names a 16-bit floating-point representation used in supported computation.

FP32 — 32-bit Floating Point

Names a commonly used 32-bit floating-point representation.

Frontend Design (Claude plugin)

Craft production-grade frontends with distinctive design. Generates polished code that avoids generic AI aesthetics.

Gamma (Claude connector)

Create presentations, docs, socials, and sites with AI

GeForce RTX 4090

NVIDIA accelerator; 24GB device memory.

GeForce RTX 5090

NVIDIA accelerator; 32GB device memory.

Gemini 1.0

Historical Gemini 1.0 research generation. Original research is linked; unavailable prices and measurements remain unknown.

Gemini 1.5 Pro

Historical Gemini 1.5 Pro research generation. Original research is linked; unavailable prices and measurements remain unknown.

gemini 2.0 flash

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 2.0 flash lite

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 2.5 computer use preview 10 2025

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 2.5 flash

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 2.5 flash image

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 2.5 flash lite

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 2.5 flash native audio preview 12 2025

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 2.5 flash preview 09 2025

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 2.5 flash preview tts

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 2.5 pro

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 2.5 pro preview tts

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 3 flash preview

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 3 pro image

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 3 pro preview

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 3.1 flash image

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 3.1 flash lite

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 3.1 flash lite image

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 3.1 flash lite preview

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 3.1 flash live preview

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 3.1 flash tts preview

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 3.1 pro preview

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 3.5 flash lite

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 3.5 live translate preview

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 3.6 flash

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 3.8 flash

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 3.8 flash lite tts

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 3.8 flash tts

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 3.8 live

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini 3.8 live extended thinking

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini embedding 001

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini embedding 2 preview

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini flash latest

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini nano banana 2.1

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini omni 1.1 flash

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini robotics er 1.6 preview

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemini robotics er 2 preview

Gemini family endpoint. Consult the linked model catalog for exact modalities, thinking settings, lifecycle and limits.

gemma-3-1b-it

text-generation model from google. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

gemma-3-27b-it

27B instruction model; gated weights and custom terms.

gemma-4-26B-A4B-it

image-text-to-text model from google. Answer questions grounded in images and text.

gemma-4-31B-it

image-text-to-text model from google. Answer questions grounded in images and text.

GenAI — Generative Artificial Intelligence

Produces new outputs such as text, images, audio, or code from learned patterns.

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)

Generative models trained through a generator-discriminator game

GitBook (ChatGPT plugin)

The GitBook MCP server gives AI agents a full read/write connection to your GitBook organization. Create and configure docs sites, spaces, and sections; draft, edit, and restructure content; open change requests and push updates for review; publish OpenAPI specs; and manage site customization — all through natural conversation, with OAuth sign-in or a personal access token. Pairs with the GitBook Skills plugin, which teaches agents how to use these capabilities effectively.

GitHub (ChatGPT plugin)

Inspect repositories, triage pull requests and issues, debug CI, and publish changes through a hybrid GitHub connector and CLI workflow.

Glean

permission-aware enterprise search, assistant and agents

GLM-5.3

text-generation model from zai-org. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

GLM-5.3-Flash

image-text-to-text model from zai-org. Answer questions grounded in images and text.

GLM-OCR

image-to-text model from zai-org. Extract captions or written content from images.

Gmail (ChatGPT plugin)

Work with Gmail using the configured Gmail app connector.

Gmail (Claude connector)

Draft replies, summarize threads, & search your inbox

Google Calendar (ChatGPT plugin)

Connect Google Calendar for scheduling, availability, daily briefs, and event management.

Google Calendar (Claude connector)

Manage your schedule and coordinate meetings effortlessly

Google Cloud BigQuery (Claude connector)

BigQuery: Advanced analytical insights for agents

Google Contacts (ChatGPT plugin)

Find people and contact details from Google Contacts.

Google Drive (ChatGPT plugin)

Use Google Drive as the single entrypoint for Drive, Docs, Sheets, and Slides work.

Google Drive (Claude connector)

Search, read, and upload files instantly

GPT (AI) — Generative Pre-trained Transformer

Names a family of generative transformer language models.

GPT-1

Historical GPT-1 research generation. Original research is linked; unavailable prices and measurements remain unknown.

GPT-2

Historical GPT-2 research generation. Original research is linked; unavailable prices and measurements remain unknown.

GPT-3

Historical GPT-3 research generation. Original research is linked; unavailable prices and measurements remain unknown.

GPT-3.5 Turbo

Legacy GPT model for cheaper chat and non-chat tasks

GPT-4

An older high-intelligence GPT model

GPT-4 Turbo

An older high-intelligence GPT model

GPT-4 Turbo Preview

An older fast GPT model

GPT-4.1

Smartest non-reasoning model

GPT-4.1 Mini

Smaller, faster version of GPT-4.1

GPT-4.1 nano

Fastest, most cost-efficient version of GPT-4.1

GPT-4.5 Preview

Deprecated large model.

GPT-4o

Fast, intelligent, flexible GPT model

GPT-4o Audio

GPT-4o models capable of audio inputs and outputs

GPT-4o Mini

Fast, affordable small model for focused tasks

GPT-4o Mini Audio

Smaller model capable of audio inputs and outputs

GPT-4o Mini Realtime

Smaller realtime model for text and audio inputs and outputs

GPT-4o Mini Search Preview

Fast, affordable small model for web search

GPT-4o Mini Transcribe

Speech-to-text model powered by GPT-4o Mini

GPT-4o Mini TTS

Text-to-speech model powered by GPT-4o Mini

GPT-4o Realtime

Model capable of realtime text and audio inputs and outputs

GPT-4o Search Preview

GPT model for web search in Chat Completions

GPT-4o Transcribe

Speech-to-text model powered by GPT-4o

GPT-4o Transcribe Diarize

Transcription model that identifies who's speaking when

GPT-5

Previous intelligent reasoning model for coding and agentic tasks with configurable reasoning effort

GPT-5 Chat

GPT-5 model used in ChatGPT

GPT-5 Mini

Strong intelligence for cost sensitive, low latency, high volume workloads

GPT-5 nano

Fastest, most cost-efficient version of GPT-5

GPT-5 Pro

Version of GPT-5 that produces smarter and more precise responses

GPT-5-Codex

A version of GPT-5 optimized for agentic coding in Codex

GPT-5.1

The best model for coding and agentic tasks with configurable reasoning effort

GPT-5.1 Chat

GPT-5.1 model used in ChatGPT

GPT-5.1-Codex

A version of GPT-5.1 optimized for agentic coding in Codex.

GPT-5.1-Codex Mini

Smaller, more cost-effective, less-capable version of GPT-5.1-Codex

GPT-5.1-Codex-Max

A version of GPT-5.1-codex optimized for long running tasks.

GPT-5.2

Previous flagship model for professional work with configurable reasoning effort

GPT-5.2 Chat

GPT-5.2 model used in ChatGPT

GPT-5.2 Pro

Previous pro model for professional work that produces smarter and more precise responses.

GPT-5.2-Codex

Our most intelligent coding model optimized for long-horizon, agentic coding tasks.

GPT-5.3 Chat

GPT-5.3 Instant model used in ChatGPT

GPT-5.3-Codex

The most capable agentic coding model to date.

GPT-5.4

A more affordable model for coding and professional work.

GPT-5.4 Mini

Our strongest mini model yet for coding, computer use, and subagents

GPT-5.4 nano

Our cheapest GPT-5.4-class model for simple high-volume tasks

GPT-5.4 Pro

Version of GPT-5.4 that produces smarter and more precise responses.

GPT-5.5

A new class of intelligence for coding and professional work.

GPT-5.5 Pro

Version of GPT-5.5 that produces smarter and more precise responses.

GPT-5.6 Cyber

Our most advanced cybersecurity model for authorized vulnerability research and security testing.

GPT-5.6 Luna

GPT-5.6 model optimized for cost-sensitive workloads

GPT-5.6 Sol

GPT-5.6 flagship model for complex professional work

GPT-5.6 Terra

GPT-5.6 model that balances intelligence and cost

GPT-6 Astra

reasoning model for complex tool-assisted work

GPT-6 Astra (gpt 6 astra)

Our most capable model for the most demanding work.

GPT-6 Luna

Our most efficient model for focused, high-volume tasks.

GPT-6 Sol

Built to power complex coding and agentic workflows.

GPT-6.1 Sol

Near-Astra performance for complex work at a lower cost.

GPT-Audio

For audio inputs and outputs with Chat Completions API

GPT-Audio Mini

A cost-efficient version of GPT Audio

GPT-Audio-1.5

The best voice model for audio in, audio out with Chat Completions.

GPT-Image-1

Our previous image generation model

GPT-Image-1 Mini

A cost-efficient version of GPT Image 1

GPT-Image-1.5

Our previous image generation model

GPT-Image-2

State-of-the-art image generation model

GPT-Image-2.5 Flare

Fast, high-quality everyday image generation

GPT-Image-2.5 Sunburst

Our most capable model for image generation and editing

GPT-Live 1

Our premier model for natural, expressive voice conversations with smooth interruption handling.

GPT-Live-Transcribe

Low-latency speech-to-text model for realtime transcription

gpt-oss-120b

Most powerful open-weight model, fits into an H100 GPU

gpt-oss-120b (openai gpt oss 120b)

text-generation model from openai. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

gpt-oss-20b

Medium-sized open-weight model for low latency

gpt-oss-20b (openai gpt oss 20b)

text-generation model from openai. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

GPT-Realtime

Model capable of realtime text and audio inputs and outputs

GPT-Realtime Mini

A cost-efficient version of GPT-Realtime

GPT-Realtime-1.5

The best voice model for audio in, audio out

GPT-Realtime-2

Reasoning model with tool use

GPT-Realtime-2.1

Reasoning model with tool use

GPT-Realtime-2.1 Mini

Reasoning model with tool use

GPT-Realtime-Translate

Streaming speech-to-speech translation model

GPT-Realtime-Whisper

Streaming speech-to-text model for realtime transcription

GPT-Transcribe

High-accuracy speech-to-text model for file and Realtime input transcription

gpt2 (openai community gpt2)

text-generation model from openai-community. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Gradient

Collects a scalar function's partial derivatives into its steepest-ascent direction

Gradient Descent

Updates parameters in the direction opposite a loss function's gradient

Granola (ChatGPT plugin)

Granola MCP connects your meeting history to ChatGPT so your assistant can pull real context from past conversations while you work.

Granola (Claude connector)

The AI notepad for meetings

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs)

Neural networks that learn from nodes, edges, and graph structure

Grok

conversational ai with connected tools and model apis

Grok-1

Historical Grok-1 research generation. Original research is linked; unavailable prices and measurements remain unknown.

grok-4.20-0309-non-reasoning

Grok API model for text and coding workflows. Search tools must be enabled for current web information.

grok-4.20-0309-reasoning

Grok API model for text and coding workflows. Search tools must be enabled for current web information.

grok-4.20-multi-agent-0309

Grok API model for text and coding workflows. Search tools must be enabled for current web information.

grok-4.3

Grok API model for text and coding workflows. Search tools must be enabled for current web information.

grok-4.5

Grok API model for text and coding workflows. Search tools must be enabled for current web information.

grok-4.6

Grok API model for text and coding workflows. Search tools must be enabled for current web information.

grok-4.7

Grok API model for text and coding workflows. Search tools must be enabled for current web information.

grok-build-0.1

Grok API model for text and coding workflows. Search tools must be enabled for current web information.

GRU — Gated Recurrent Unit

Uses gates to control state updates in a recurrent neural architecture.

H100 SXM 80GB

NVIDIA accelerator; 80GB device memory.

H200 SXM 141GB

NVIDIA accelerator; 141GB device memory.

Harvey

legal and professional-services AI platform

Hessian Matrix

Collects second partial derivatives of a scalar function to describe local curvature

HeyGen (ChatGPT plugin)

Create avatar videos and general AI videos with HeyGen Video 1, and manage HeyGen videos, avatars, voices, translations, and related media.

Higgsfield (ChatGPT plugin)

Create images, videos, branded content, and websites with Higgsfield in ChatGPT. Start with an idea, product photo, or reference image, then choose from Viral and Marketing Studio presets, creative recipes, or image and video models. Refine your results through conversation.

Hostinger Mail (ChatGPT plugin)

Hostinger Mail helps users discover mailbox operations, inspect mailboxes and folders, read or search messages, send email, and manage message or webhook state in their authenticated Hostinger Mail account through ChatGPT.

HubSpot (ChatGPT plugin)

Work with your HubSpot data to analyze patterns, create and update records, and manage your CRM operations. Read from and write to deals, contacts, companies, tickets, engagements, and other objects you have permission to access. Prepare reports, update deal stages, log calls and emails, create tasks, or review pipeline details before meetings. Use it for quick updates in chat or comprehensive CRM management, all grounded in your actual HubSpot data. Learn more: https://knowledge.hubspot.com/int

HubSpot (Claude connector)

CRM context for every answer, insight, and action

Hugging Face (ChatGPT plugin)

Inspect models, datasets, Spaces, and research

Hugging Face (Claude connector)

Access the Hugging Face Hub and thousands of Gradio Apps

Hugging Face Transformers

model loading tokenization and inference pipelines

Human Approval Loop

Pauses an agent before a consequential action and resumes only after a person decides

Hunter (ChatGPT plugin)

Find and organize companies without leaving ChatGPT. This app connects directly to Hunter to help you discover businesses that match your criteria, enrich them with reliable company-level data, and save the ones you care about.

HyperFrames by HeyGen (Claude connector)

Build animated slides and motion graphics with HTML

Image Inpainting

Fills a missing or selected image region using its context and optional guidance

Image Super-Resolution

Predicts a higher-resolution image from one or more lower-resolution observations

Image-to-Image Translation

Maps a source image into a target visual domain while retaining relevant structure

Imagination Rollout

Simulates possible future state-action sequences inside a learned dynamics model

In-Context Learning (ICL)

In context learning from prompt examples without updating weights

Indeed (Claude connector)

Search for jobs on Indeed

Instacart (ChatGPT plugin)

Groceries and more delivered

INT4 — 4-bit Integer

Represents integer values using four bits in supported formats.

INT8 — 8-bit Integer

Represents integer values using eight bits in supported computation.

Integral

Accumulates a quantity over an interval, region, or probability domain

Interactive Brokers (IBKR) (Claude connector)

Trade, invest, analyze, and manage global markets

Intercom (Claude connector)

Access to Intercom data for better customer insights

Intuit QuickBooks (Claude connector)

Business Finances made simple

Jacobian Matrix

Arranges first partial derivatives for a vector-valued function in a matrix

Jailbreak Evaluation

Measures whether adversarial prompts can bypass intended model or application behavior constraints

JAX

automatic differentiation jit compilation and vectorization

JiRackUltra_1b

text-generation model from CMSManhattan. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Jotform (Claude connector)

Create forms, surveys, quizzes & analyze submissions

Keras

high-level neural networks with multiple backends

Kimi K3

multimodal model for long-context reasoning and coding

Kimi-K3-DSpark

text-generation model from RadixArk. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Kiwi.com (Claude connector)

Search flights in Claude

Klaviyo (ChatGPT plugin)

Skip manual analysis with marketing campaign and flow performance, explanations, and recommendations directly in ChatGPT. Reporting includes send status, click rates, and attributed revenue, alongside plain language context. Just click "Analyze" to dive into trends and suggestions. With the Klaviyo app, you'll stay informed on performance, ahead of opportunities, and ready to take action directly from a conversation.

KNN — K-Nearest Neighbors

Uses nearby training examples for supported prediction tasks.

Knowledge Distillation

Training a student model from a teacher’s predictions or representations

Kokoro-82M

text-to-speech model from hexgrad. Create spoken audio for accessibility and voice interfaces.

LangChain

model integrations tools and agent application components

LangGraph

graphs persistence durable execution and human review

Latent Dynamics Model

Predicts state transitions inside a learned compact representation instead of raw observations

law-chat

Older 7B legal-domain research baseline; not a licensed legal adviser.

LDA (classification) — Linear Discriminant Analysis

Models class separation using a linear discriminant approach under stated assumptions.

Linear (ChatGPT plugin)

Search, create and update Linear issues, projects, and initiatives. Draft PRDs, write updates, analyze customer requests, and keep plans up to date — all from within ChatGPT

Linear (Claude connector)

Manage issues, projects & team workflows in Linear

Llama

meta model weights and tools for custom ai deployments

Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct

text-generation model from meta-llama. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Llama-3.2-1B-Instruct

text-generation model from meta-llama. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Llama-3.3-70B-Instruct

Text-only 70B model; gated weights and custom use terms.

llama.cpp

local language model inference and quantized weights

llama.cpp runtime

Runs supported language models using optimized local inference backends.

LlamaIndex

document ingestion indexing retrieval and llm workflows

LLM (Large Language Model)

Large language models for text generation and language tasks

locate-anything.cpp-gguf

object-detection model from mudler. Locate objects in images for visual analysis.

LoRA — Low-Rank Adaptation

Adapts model behavior using trainable low-rank parameter updates.

LoRA Adapters

low-rank trainable adapters for efficient model adaptation

Lovable (ChatGPT plugin)

Lovable builds and edits full-stack web apps from natural language. Describe an app and Lovable creates a project, writes the TypeScript, Tailwind, and shadcn/ui code, and returns a live preview you can watch build. Follow-up messages refine the app, and you can inspect the generated code and diffs, add a PostgreSQL database and third-party connectors, manage reusable project knowledge and skills, and publish the finished app to a public URL.

Lovable (Claude connector)

Build, iterate, inspect, and deploy Lovable apps

LSTM — Long Short-Term Memory

Uses recurrent gating mechanisms to manage sequence state.

LTX-2.3

image-to-video model from Lightricks. Animate a source image into a video clip.

LTX-2.5

image-to-video model from Lightricks. Animate a source image into a video clip.

Lucid (Claude connector)

Ideate, diagram, and align teams

M365 Copilot (Microsoft 365 Copilot)

ai assistance within microsoft 365 work applications

MagicPath (ChatGPT plugin)

MagicPath is an Al design and prototyping tool for creating interactive websites, app interfaces, dashboards, and visual plans on a shared canvas. With the MagicPath plugin, describe what you want to make and turn your ideas, notes, or existing designs into editable work you can explore and refine.

Make (Claude connector)

Run Make scenarios and manage your Make account

manga-ocr-base

image-to-text model from kha-white. Extract captions or written content from images.

medgemma-27b-text-it

Medical-text research model; not validated for unsupervised clinical use.

medgemma-4b-it

Smaller medical text/image research model; clinical validation required.

Memory-Augmented Agent Loop

Retrieves relevant stored experience before acting and writes selected outcomes after acting

Mermaid Chart (Claude connector)

Validates Mermaid syntax, renders diagrams as high-quality SVG, and displays them instantly in an interactive UI where users can preview, zoom, and iterate in real time.

Metricool (ChatGPT plugin)

Metricool helps users inspect connected brands, retrieve social media analytics, review scheduled content, find recommended posting times, and create or update posts from ChatGPT.

Metricool Social Media Management (Claude connector)

Schedule posts, analyze, and manage social media with AI

Microsoft 365 (Claude connector)

Access your company's SharePoint, OneDrive, Outlook, and Teams directly in Claude

Microsoft Learn (Claude connector)

Search trusted Microsoft docs to power your development

Microsoft Power BI (ChatGPT plugin)

Use Power BI, a Microsoft Fabric service, to explore reports, build visuals, and publish dashboards in your local desktop browser.

Minimax-h3-Turbo

image-to-video model from lightx2v. Animate a source image into a video clip.

MiniMax-H3-Turbo-Lora

text-to-video model from larryvrh. Create video clips from a written scene description.

MiniMax-H3-Turbo-Lora-ComfyUI

text-to-video model from drbaph. Create video clips from a written scene description.

Miro (ChatGPT plugin)

Connect ChatGPT to Miro to summarize existing boards, update them, or build new ones from scratch. Point ChatGPT at a board and it reads what your team has already decided, researched, and drawn, so its answers start from your context. Ask it to build, and its answers land on the board as native Miro objects – slides, tables, docs, diagrams, sticky notes, frames, and workshop widgets – visual, instantly editable, and collaborative by default.

Miro (Claude connector)

Access and create new content on Miro boards

Mistral AI

open frontier models and enterprise AI systems

Mistral-Small-3.2-24B-Instruct-2506

24B instruction model; validate tools and task-specific quality.

ML — Machine Learning

Learns patterns or decision rules from data.

MLflow

experiment tracking model management evaluation and tracing

MLX

Provides array computation and machine learning on Apple silicon.

Model cards

Document model purpose, license, limitations and evaluation context.

Model Context Protocol (workbench)

Defines an interface between AI hosts and tool or resource servers.

Model Predictive Control (MPC)

Optimizes a finite action sequence, executes an initial action, then replans from new observations

Model Quantization

Reducing the bits used for model weights and activations

Model-Based Reinforcement Learning

Learns or uses transition and reward models to improve action selection

MoE (Mixture of Experts)

Mixture of experts networks that route inputs to selected experts

monday.com (ChatGPT plugin)

The monday.com AI Connector brings core platform capabilities directly to agents and AI assistants. It supports searching boards, creating and updating items and columns, assigning owners, setting timelines, and posting updates — enabling a wide range of work management and CRM use cases across teams and departments.

monday.com (Claude connector)

monday.com project management & CRM for projects, tasks, portfolios, boards, workflows, milestones, dependencies, forms, dashboards, cross-project portfolio status, and critical paths.

MongoDB Atlas (ChatGPT plugin)

Manage MongoDB Atlas and query your data. Connect to any MongoDB cluster or Atlas project to run queries and aggregations, inspect schemas and indexes, and read/write documents.

Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS)

Builds a search tree by balancing promising actions with uncertain actions

MotherDuck (ChatGPT plugin)

Connect AI assistants to your MotherDuck data warehouse. Explore, visualize, and manage data using natural language–no SQL skills required. Create Dives: interactive visualizations that let you save and share answers with your team, staying up-to-date with your latest data. Works with real-world data without requiring semantic models or pre-configuration. Your AI assistant acts like a data analyst, exploring, validating, analyzing, and visualizing data iteratively to answer your questions.

Multi-Agent Systems

Systems in which multiple autonomous agents coordinate or interact

multilingual-e5-small

sentence-similarity model from intfloat. Find semantically related passages for retrieval.

Multimodal Models

AI models that process multiple input or output modalities

Neon (ChatGPT plugin)

Manage your Neon backend with the Neon agent skills and the Neon MCP Server: Lakebase Postgres, branching, Object Storage, Functions, and the AI Gateway

NER — Named Entity Recognition

Identifies entities such as people, organizations, and locations in text.

Netlify (Claude connector)

Create, deploy, manage, and secure websites on Netlify.

Neural Style Transfer

Optimizes or generates an image that combines content structure with reference style statistics

NLG — Natural Language Generation

Produces human-language output from data or representations.

NLP — Natural Language Processing

Processes or analyzes human language.

NLU — Natural Language Understanding

Infers meaning, intent, or structure from language input.

NN — Neural Network

Models relationships through connected computational units.

nomic-embed-text-v1.5

sentence-similarity model from nomic-ai. Find semantically related passages for retrieval.

Notion (ChatGPT plugin)

Connect Notion to your agent so it works from the same context as your team and other agents. Search your workspace, create and update pages, and save your work back to Notion.

Notion (Claude connector)

Connect your Notion workspace to search, update, and power workflows across tools

NVIDIA TensorRT

optimized deep learning inference on nvidia hardware

o1

Previous full o-series reasoning model

o1 Preview

Preview of our first o-series reasoning model

o1-mini

A small model alternative to o1

o1-pro

Version of o1 with more compute for better responses

o3

Reasoning model for complex tasks, succeeded by GPT-5

o3-deep-research

Our most powerful deep research model

o3-mini

A small model alternative to o3

o3-pro

Version of o3 with more compute for better responses

o4-mini

Fast, cost-efficient reasoning model, succeeded by GPT-5 Mini

o4-mini-deep-research

Faster, more affordable deep research model

OCR — Optical Character Recognition

Extracts machine-readable text from images.

Ollama

run models locally and access supported cloud models

omni-moderation

Identify potentially harmful content in text and images

OmniVoice

text-to-speech model from k2-fsa. Create spoken audio for accessibility and voice interfaces.

ONNX

portable computation graphs and operator specifications

OODA Loop for Agents

Cycles through observation, interpretation, decision, and action as conditions change

Open WebUI

Provides a self-hosted interface to supported local and hosted model endpoints.

OpenAI

models, APIs, tools and agent platform building blocks

OpenAI Developers (ChatGPT plugin)

Develop AI apps and agents with OpenAI best practices

OpenArt (ChatGPT plugin)

Create images and video on OpenArt without leaving ChatGPT. Just describe what you want, add reference images if you like, and pick from the latest AI models: Seedance 2.5 / 2.0, GPT Image 2.5, Nano Banana Pro / 2, Minimax H3 / H3 max, Gemini Omni Flash, Wan 3.0, and more. OpenArt generates it and brings the result back into the chat, updating as it finishes, so you can go from an idea to a finished image or video in a single conversation. No editing tools required. Revisit your past creations a

opt-125m

text-generation model from facebook. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Optical Flow

Estimates apparent per-pixel motion between nearby video frames

Oracle Analytics (ChatGPT plugin)

Explore Oracle BI dashboards, investigate changes, export reports, and create analyses through your organization's BI workspace in your local desktop browser.

Orchestrator-Worker Loop

Lets a coordinator create subtasks, assign workers, inspect results, and synthesize an answer

Ornith-1.0-9B-GGUF

text-generation model from ornith-ai. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Ornith-1.5-35B-A3B-GGUF

text-generation model from ornith-ai. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Ornith-1.5-9B-GGUF

text-generation model from ornith-ai. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Outlook Calendar (ChatGPT plugin)

Connect Microsoft Outlook Calendar for scheduling, daily briefs, event prep, and safe meeting changes.

Outlook Email (ChatGPT plugin)

Work with Outlook Email using the configured Microsoft Outlook app connector.

PaLM

Historical PaLM research generation. Original research is linked; unavailable prices and measurements remain unknown.

PaLM 2

Historical PaLM 2 research generation. Original research is linked; unavailable prices and measurements remain unknown.

Parallel Agent Workflow

Runs independent model or agent tasks concurrently and aggregates their results

paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2

sentence-similarity model from sentence-transformers. Find semantically related passages for retrieval.

Partial Derivative

Measures change with respect to one input while holding other inputs fixed

PCA — Principal Component Analysis

Finds orthogonal directions capturing variance in numerical data.

PEFT (Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning)

Parameter efficient fine tuning with small trainable components

Perplexity

web-grounded answers and research with source links

PitchBook Premium (Claude connector)

PitchBook data, embedded in the way you work.

Plan-Execute-Replan Loop

Creates a task plan, performs steps, then revises the plan using observed results

Planning Horizon

Sets how many future steps a planner or value estimate considers

Plaud (Claude connector)

Search and extract insights from your Plaud recordings.

Playwright (Claude plugin)

Browser automation and end-to-end testing MCP server by Microsoft. Enables Claude to interact with web pages, take screenshots, fill forms, and automate testing workflows.

PostHog (ChatGPT plugin)

PostHog gives your AI agent direct access to your product analytics, feature flags, experiments, error tracking, surveys, logs, and LLM analytics. Ask questions about your data, create insights, toggle feature flags, analyze errors, search docs, and more — all from chat.

PostHog (Claude connector)

Query, analyze, and manage your PostHog insights

Postman (Claude connector)

Give API context to your coding agents

Prompt Chaining Workflow

Passes the output of one bounded model step into the next predefined step

Prompt Engineering

Designing instructions, context, examples, and output constraints

Prompt Injection

Uses untrusted instructions to redirect a model away from the application's intended policy

PubMed (Claude connector)

Search biomedical literature from PubMed

pythia-160m

text-generation model from EleutherAI. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Qwen-Image-2.1-GGUF

text-to-image model from unsloth. Turn a written visual brief into an image.

Qwen-Image-2.1-Uncensored-Quantized

text-to-image model from abenzerps. Turn a written visual brief into an image.

Qwen2.5-0.5B-Instruct

text-generation model from Qwen. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct

text-generation model from Qwen. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Qwen2.5-32B-Instruct

text-generation model from Qwen. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Qwen2.5-3B-Instruct

text-generation model from Qwen. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct

text-generation model from Qwen. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct-AWQ

text-generation model from Qwen. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Qwen2.5-Coder-14B-Instruct

text-generation model from Qwen. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Qwen2.5-Coder-32B-Instruct

Dense coding model for generation, repair and explanation.

Qwen2.5-Coder-7B-Instruct

text-generation model from Qwen. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Qwen2.5-VL-7B-Instruct

image-text-to-text model from Qwen. Answer questions grounded in images and text.

Qwen3-0.6B

text-generation model from Qwen. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Qwen3-1.7B

text-generation model from Qwen. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Qwen3-14B

text-generation model from Qwen. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Qwen3-14B-AWQ

text-generation model from Qwen. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Qwen3-235B-A22B-Instruct-2507

Large instruction-following MoE for tool and document workflows.

Qwen3-235B-A22B-Thinking-2507

Longer reasoning for difficult analysis; not a factuality guarantee.

Qwen3-32B

text-generation model from Qwen. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Qwen3-4B

text-generation model from Qwen. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Qwen3-4B-Instruct-2507

text-generation model from Qwen. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Qwen3-8B

text-generation model from Qwen. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Qwen3-8B-AWQ

text-generation model from Qwen. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Qwen3-Coder-30B-A3B-Instruct

Smaller coding MoE; all expert weights still need memory.

Qwen3-Coder-30B-A3B-Instruct-GGUF

text-generation model from unsloth. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Qwen3-Coder-480B-A35B-Instruct

Large agentic coding MoE; requires server-class memory.

Qwen3-Embedding-0.6B

feature-extraction model from Qwen. Represent content as vectors for downstream analysis.

Qwen3-TTS-12Hz-1.7B-CustomVoice

text-to-speech model from Qwen. Create spoken audio for accessibility and voice interfaces.

Qwen3-VL-8B-Instruct

image-text-to-text model from Qwen. Answer questions grounded in images and text.

Qwen3.5-4B

image-text-to-text model from Qwen. Answer questions grounded in images and text.

Qwen3.5-9B

image-text-to-text model from Qwen. Answer questions grounded in images and text.

Qwen3.6-35B-A3B-FP8

image-text-to-text model from Qwen. Answer questions grounded in images and text.

Qwen3.6-35B-A3B-NVFP4

text-generation model from nvidia. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Qwen3.8-27B

image-text-to-text model from Qwen. Answer questions grounded in images and text.

Qwen3.8-27B-FP8

image-text-to-text model from Qwen. Answer questions grounded in images and text.

Qwen3.8-27B-MLX-4bit

image-text-to-text model from lmstudio-community. Answer questions grounded in images and text.

Qwen3.8-27B-Uncensored-GGUF

text-generation model from JonathanColetti. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Qwen3.8-Flash-Next-GSQ-RCO-GGUF

image-text-to-text model from ISTA-DASLab. Answer questions grounded in images and text.

Radeon AI PRO R9700

AMD accelerator; 32GB device memory.

Railway (ChatGPT plugin)

Use Railway from ChatGPT with the Railway App and Railway Skills. Create and launch apps, understand how they’re performing, manage your projects, and troubleshoot issues.

ReAct: Reasoning and Acting Agents

Agents that alternate reasoning, tool actions, and observations

Redis (ChatGPT plugin)

Redis development best practices for data modeling, search, caching, connections, clustering, security, observability, and agent memory

Reflection Loop

Reviews a draft or trajectory, identifies shortcomings, and uses feedback for another attempt

Reinforcement Learning (RL)

Learning actions that maximize cumulative reward

Reinforcement Learning from AI Feedback (RLAIF)

Learning from AI-generated feedback and preference judgments

Render (ChatGPT plugin)

Render helps users inspect services, deploys, logs, and metrics; create services and data stores; query Render Postgres databases; trigger deployments; and manage environment variables through ChatGPT.

Replit (ChatGPT plugin)

Replit turns your ideas into real, running web apps and websites, with no coding or setup required. Describe what you want in plain language and Replit's AI Agent builds a working app for you (frontend, backend, database, and auth as needed), then hosts it so you can use and share it right away. Keep the conversation going to refine and extend your app, ask how a feature works, or check whether it's ready to deploy. It's great for rapid prototyping, quick experiments, internal tools, and turning

Reranking

Rescoring retrieved candidates with a more precise relevance model

Resend (ChatGPT plugin)

Resend helps users send transactional email, inspect delivery and request logs, manage audiences, domains, templates, broadcasts, automations, webhooks, API keys, and OAuth grants from ChatGPT using their own Resend credentials.

Retrieval-Augmented Generation

rag retrieve evidence before generating answers

RLHF (Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback)

Learning desired behavior from human preference feedback

RNN — Recurrent Neural Network

Processes sequences using recurrent state.

ROCm — Radeon Open Compute platform

Provides AMD's GPU computing software platform.

rtdetr_r101vd_coco_o365

object-detection model from PekingU. Locate objects in images for visual analysis.

RTX PRO 6000 Blackwell

NVIDIA accelerator; 96GB device memory.

Runway

generative video tools for creative workflows

Runway (ChatGPT plugin)

Runway lets users generate and edit images, videos, and audio directly from ChatGPT using their Runway account. Users can create images from text or edit an uploaded photo, animate images into video, make targeted edits to existing footage, expand videos to new aspect ratios, build multi-shot story videos and product marketing ads, localize an existing ad into another language, remove backgrounds, upscale media, convert video to HDR, generate music, sound effects, and spoken voiceover, author an

S&P - Deterministic Retrieval (Claude connector)

Deterministic access to S&P Global data

Safe Superintelligence

company focused on safe superintelligence

Salesforce - Beta (Claude connector)

Sell, serve, and operate at scale with Salesforce.

Salesforce (ChatGPT plugin)

Work with Salesforce Agentforce Sales through the third-party MCP app, including account briefs, pipeline review, metadata discovery, SOQL queries, account plans, Agentforce lead assignment, call summaries, and explicit record creates or updates.

Sandboxed Agent Execution

Runs agent-selected code or computer actions inside a constrained environment

scikit-learn

classical machine learning preprocessing and evaluation

Scite (ChatGPT plugin)

scite helps users search and read scientific papers, inspect citation context and citation graphs, format bibliographies, record citation decisions, and organize papers and notes in Collections through ChatGPT.

sd-turbo

text-to-image model from stabilityai. Turn a written visual brief into an image.

sdxl-turbo

text-to-image model from stabilityai. Turn a written visual brief into an image.

Self-Supervised Learning (SSL)

Self supervised learning with prediction targets derived from raw data

Semantic Search

Retrieving items by vector similarity to query meaning

Semrush (Claude connector)

SEO, keyword research, competitor analysis, traffic and market analytics, backlink analysis, domain analysis, and PPC

Sentry (Claude connector)

Search, query, and debug errors intelligently

SFT (Supervised Fine-Tuning)

Supervised fine tuning on examples of desired responses

SharePoint (ChatGPT plugin)

Work with SharePoint using the configured Microsoft SharePoint app connector.

Shopify (ChatGPT plugin)

Shopify for ChatGPT makes starting, running, and growing an online store as easy as having a conversation. Turn a small business idea into an ecommerce website with Shopify’s AI store builder: describe what you sell, create your store, add products, and sell online. Already have a Shopify store? Connect it to manage inventory across locations, create discount codes, review orders and customer details, and pull analytics on your store’s performance. Shopify supports selling online, in person, B2B

Shopify (Claude connector)

Build, manage, and analyze your Shopify store

Sierra

AI agents across customer-service channels

Slack (Claude connector)

Send messages, create canvases, and fetch Slack data

SLM — Small Language Model

Names a language model relatively small for its comparison context.

Smartsheet (Claude connector)

Analyze and manage Smartsheet data with Claude

Smartsheet US (ChatGPT plugin)

Make Smartsheet a native part of your AI workflow. Ask your AI to analyze project timelines, create graphs to summarize your sheet information, all through conversation. The Smartsheet connector eliminates manual data entry and repetitive updates, letting you focus on decisions while AI handles the details. Transform how you manage projects with AI that understands your Smartsheet data and can act on it.

Snowflake (ChatGPT plugin)

Work with Snowflake through the provider-native Snowflake connector, including SQL, databases, schemas, tables, warehouses, Cortex Search, Snowpark Container Services, and managed MCP servers with customer-defined tools.

Snowflake (Claude connector)

Retrieve both structured and unstructured data

speaker-diarization-3.1

automatic-speech-recognition model from pyannote. Make recorded speech searchable and accessible as text.

speaker-diarization-community-1

automatic-speech-recognition model from pyannote. Make recorded speech searchable and accessible as text.

Spotify (Claude connector)

Music and podcast recommendations, just for you.

sqlcoder-7b-2

Text-to-SQL specialist, not a general database administrator.

stable-diffusion-v1-5

text-to-image model from stable-diffusion-v1-5. Turn a written visual brief into an image.

stable-diffusion-xl-base-1.0

text-to-image model from stabilityai. Turn a written visual brief into an image.

State-Space Model

Represents a sequence through hidden state transitions and observation generation

Statsig (ChatGPT plugin)

Bring your Statsig workspace into ChatGPT. Product builders can now explore, manage, and create Statsig experiments, feature gates, dynamic configs, and more directly in ChatGPT conversations.

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)

Estimates a training objective's gradient from sampled examples or mini-batches

Strava (Claude connector)

Analyze, summarize, and explore your Strava data

Stripe (ChatGPT plugin)

Develop your payments integration faster with the ability to create products, prices, and payment links directly in ChatGPT. Run your business from ChatGPT with the ability to retrieve and manage payments, subscriptions, invoices, refunds, disputes, and customers. Build and debug your payment integration quicker than ever by searching the Stripe documentation and getting integration recommendations without needing to leave ChatGPT.

Stripe (Claude connector)

Payment processing and financial infrastructure tools

Supabase (ChatGPT plugin)

Manage Supabase projects directly through ChatGPT. Execute SQL queries on PostgreSQL databases, design and modify table schemas, deploy serverless edge functions, and configure user authentication. Access real-time logs for debugging, create and apply database migrations, and manage development branches through natural language.

Supabase (Claude connector)

Manage databases, authentication, and storage

Superhuman Mail (ChatGPT plugin)

Connect Superhuman Mail to build powerful workflows across Gmail, Outlook, and Google Calendar. Search your inbox and calendar, summarize what matters, draft AI replies in your voice, check read statuses, prepare for your day, send emails or schedule events, and manage multiple Gmail and Outlook accounts.

Superhuman Mail (Claude connector)

The most productive email app ever, for Gmail & Outlook

Supermetrics Marketing Analytics (Claude connector)

Google Ads, Facebook Ads, Google Analytics, TikTok, LinkedIn, Instagram, YouTube & 200+ sources

Superpowers (ChatGPT plugin)

An agentic skills framework & software development methodology that works: planning, TDD, debugging, and collaboration workflows.

Superpowers (Claude plugin)

Claude learns brainstorming, subagent development with code review, debugging, TDD, and skill authoring through Superpowers.

Supervised Learning

Learning predictions from examples with known target outputs

SVM — Support Vector Machine

Uses support vectors to define supported classification or regression models.

Synthetic Data

Artificially generated examples used for development, testing, or training

t-SNE — t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding

Builds lower-dimensional representations that emphasize local neighbor relationships.

table-transformer-structure-recognition

object-detection model from microsoft. Locate objects in images for visual analysis.

Tavily (ChatGPT plugin)

The Web Infrastructure Layer for AI Agents. A purpose-built web API for real-time search, scraping, crawling, and structured data retrieval. AI-native enterprises trust Tavily for data enrichment, research, RAG pipelines, and autonomous AI systems-ensuring fresh, accurate, and scalable intelligence.

Taylor Series

Approximates a smooth function near a point using derivatives and polynomial terms

Teams (ChatGPT plugin)

Work with Teams using the configured Microsoft Teams app connector.

Temporal Consistency

Keeps identities, geometry, and appearance coherent across successive video frames

Ternary-Bonsai-2-27B-gguf

text-generation model from prism-ml. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

text-embedding-3-large

Most capable embedding model

text-embedding-3-small

Small embedding model

text-embedding-ada-002

Older embedding model

text-moderation

Previous generation text-only moderation model

text-moderation-stable

Previous generation text-only moderation model

TF-IDF — Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency

Weights terms using within-document frequency and cross-document rarity.

Thinking Machines Lab

AI lab building collaborative AI systems

ThoughtSpot SpotterCode (ChatGPT plugin)

Whether you're a developer building embedded analytics, a product leader shipping AI-powered features, or a data team managing a live data workflow, SpotterCode by ThoughtSpot is your AI pair programmer, turning instructions into execution and delivering AI analytics and management that drive the business forward.

TickTick:To-Do List & Calendar (ChatGPT plugin)

TickTick is a powerful to-do & task management app with seamless cloud synchronization across all your devices. Whether you need to schedule an agenda, make memos, share shopping lists, collaborate in a team, or even develop a new habit, set countdown for birthdays, TickTick is always here to help you get stuff done and keep life on track.

tiny-Qwen2ForCausalLM-2.5

text-generation model from trl-internal-testing. Draft text, answer questions, or generate code with locally deployable weights.

Todoist (Claude connector)

Search, complete, and manage your tasks in Todoist

Todoist: To Do List & Calendar (ChatGPT plugin)

Trusted by over 47 million people, Todoist simplifies tasks for individuals and teams. Instantly declutter your mind, boost productivity and use it as a habit tracker.

Together AI

inference, fine-tuning, compute and evaluations for AI builders

Tokenization

Mapping text or other inputs into model token identifiers

Tool Schema

Defines a tool's name, purpose, input fields, types, and validation rules

Tool-Use Loop

Alternates model decisions with tool execution until the agent returns a final result

Transfer Learning

Reusing learned representations or parameters for a new task

Transformer Architecture

Attention-based neural networks for modeling sequences

Tredict (ChatGPT plugin)

Tredict is a platform for endurance training planning, structured workouts, and workout analysis for athletes and coaches.

Trello (ChatGPT plugin)

The Trello plugin lets ChatGPT interact with your Trello boards, cards, and tasks using natural language. All communication between ChatGPT and Trello is encrypted for privacy and authenticated using security best practices. Once configured, you can manage your to-do’s without having to switch between tabs. Start tackling your Trello tasks with the help of ChatGPT!

Trello (Claude connector)

Get things done in Trello

Tripadvisor (ChatGPT plugin)

The Tripadvisor app brings trusted reviews and hotel insights into ChatGPT, offering a faster, more confident way to find the perfect place to stay. Travelers can explore top-rated hotels on an interactive, map-first view to instantly understand neighborhoods, distance, and vibe. They can refine results naturally through conversational follow-ups, access rich hotel details including traveler photos, recent reviews, amenities, compare price offers and click out seamlessly to booking partners or T

TTS — Text-to-Speech

Generates spoken audio from text.

TTS-1

Text-to-speech model optimized for speed

TTS-1 HD

Text-to-speech model optimized for quality

Udemy (ChatGPT plugin)

Learn skills that move you forward with the Udemy app in ChatGPT. With Udemy, you can turn your curiosity, questions, and “I need to figure this out” moments into real progress.

UMAP — Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection

Constructs lower-dimensional representations using a manifold-based neighborhood approach.

Unsupervised Learning

Finding clusters, patterns, and structure in unlabeled data

Variational Autoencoders (VAEs)

Latent-variable generative models trained with reconstruction and regularization

Vercel (ChatGPT plugin)

Build and deploy web apps and AI agents on Vercel.

Vercel (Claude connector)

Analyze, debug, and manage projects and deployments

Vibe Prospecting (Claude connector)

Find and enrich company and contact data in Claude for prospecting, lead generation, recruiting, and CRM enrichment across 150M+ companies and 800M+ contacts

Video Frame Interpolation

Generates frames between observed video frames to increase temporal sampling

Video-to-Video Translation

Transforms an input video into another visual domain while preserving motion and scene structure

vidIQ (Claude connector)

Research and create for YouTube, Instagram & TikTok

VillageSQL Skills (ChatGPT plugin)

Skills for VillageSQL including building extensions from scratch and porting PostgreSQL extensions to VillageSQL.

Vision-Language Model (VLM)

Vision language models that connect images with language

VLA — Vision-Language-Action model

Connects visual inputs and language with action-oriented outputs.

vLLM

high-throughput language model serving

Voice Agents

AI agents using speech, audio and conversation channels

Wan_2.2_ComfyUI_Repackaged

image-to-video model from Comfy-Org. Animate a source image into a video clip.

Wan2.1-T2V-1.3B-Diffusers

text-to-video model from Wan-AI. Create video clips from a written scene description.

Wan2.2-TI2V-5B-GGUF

text-to-video model from unsloth. Create video clips from a written scene description.

Wan2.2-TI2V-5B-GGUF (quantstack wan2 2 ti2v 5b gguf)

text-to-video model from QuantStack. Create video clips from a written scene description.

wav2vec2-large-xlsr-53-japanese

automatic-speech-recognition model from jonatasgrosman. Make recorded speech searchable and accessible as text.

wav2vec2-large-xlsr-53-portuguese

automatic-speech-recognition model from jonatasgrosman. Make recorded speech searchable and accessible as text.

Webflow (ChatGPT plugin)

The Webflow app connects your agents directly to your workspace. They can design, build, and manage sites and author, edit, and localize your CMS. Built-in app skills let them ship custom code integrations, deploy web apps on Webflow Cloud, and analyze site activity, performance, and AEO.

Webflow (Claude connector)

Design pages, manage CMS content, add motion, analyze traffic, and launch the whole site, all from a prompt and all inside the permissions your workspace already has.

Weight quantization

Stores model weights at reduced numerical precision.

Whisper

General-purpose speech recognition model

whisper-large-v3-turbo

automatic-speech-recognition model from openai. Make recorded speech searchable and accessible as text.

whisperkit-coreml

automatic-speech-recognition model from argmaxinc. Make recorded speech searchable and accessible as text.

Windsor.ai (Claude connector)

Connect Meta Ads, Google Ads, TikTok Ads, LinkedIn Ads + 320 more

Wispr Flow (ChatGPT plugin)

Allow ChatGPT to access your meeting notes, action items, and transcripts.

Wispr Flow (Claude connector)

Your meetings, notes, and tasks from Wispr Flow — now native context for Claude.

Wix (Claude connector)

Manage and build sites and apps on Wix

WordPress.com (Claude connector)

Secure AI access to manage your WordPress.com sites

World Models

Predicts environment dynamics so an agent can evaluate possible futures and actions

xAI

frontier AI company associated with Grok

Xero (Claude connector)

Access your Xero financials from any conversation

XTTS-v2

text-to-speech model from coqui. Create spoken audio for accessibility and voice interfaces.

Z-Image-Turbo

text-to-image model from Tongyi-MAI. Turn a written visual brief into an image.

Z-Image-Turbo-GGUF

text-to-image model from unsloth. Turn a written visual brief into an image.

Zapier (Claude connector)

Automate workflows across thousands of apps via conversation

Zero-Shot Learning

Performing a target task without labeled demonstrations for that task

Zoom (ChatGPT plugin)

Zoom connects Codex to Zoom meeting context through the Zoom app connector and provides developer workflows for planning, building, debugging, and reviewing Zoom integrations across APIs, SDKs, webhooks, WebSockets, bots, and automation use cases.

Zoom for Claude (Claude connector)

Search, recap, and act on your Zoom meetings

ZoomInfo (Claude connector)

Find prospects. Research accounts. Enrich buyers with verified B2B data. Act on intent signals.

AAD — Azure Active Directory

Names the former branding for Microsoft Entra ID.

AAD DS — Azure Active Directory Domain Services

Names the former branding for Microsoft Entra Domain Services.

ACI — Azure Container Instances

Runs containers without managing a full VM or Kubernetes cluster.

AGW — Application Gateway

Provides Azure HTTP-aware application delivery and routing capabilities.

AMA — Azure Monitor Agent

Collects supported monitoring data under Azure Monitor configuration.

Amazon API Gateway

Creates and manages REST, HTTP, and WebSocket APIs at scale

Amazon Aurora

Provides a cloud-native MySQL- and PostgreSQL-compatible relational database

Amazon Bedrock

Provides managed access to foundation models and generative AI application capabilities

Amazon CloudFront

Distributes web content and APIs through the AWS edge network

Amazon CloudWatch

Monitors AWS resources and applications through metrics, logs, alarms, and traces

Amazon CloudWatch Logs

Collects, stores, queries, and routes application and AWS service logs

Amazon DynamoDB

Provides serverless key-value and document storage with managed scaling

Amazon EBS

Provides persistent block volumes and snapshots for EC2 workloads

Amazon EC2

Provides resizable virtual compute instances across instance families and purchase models

Amazon EFS

Provides elastic managed NFS file storage for AWS compute services

Amazon EKS

Provides managed Kubernetes control planes across AWS and hybrid environments

Amazon Elastic Container Registry

Stores and distributes private or public container images integrated with AWS compute

Amazon ElastiCache

Provides managed Valkey, Redis OSS, and Memcached caching engines

Amazon EMR

Runs managed open-source analytics frameworks such as Spark, Hive, and Trino

Amazon EventBridge

Routes application, AWS service, and partner events through buses and rules

Amazon Keyspaces

Provides a scalable managed Cassandra-compatible database

Amazon Managed Service for Apache Flink

Runs managed Apache Flink applications for stateful stream processing

Amazon OpenSearch Service

Runs managed OpenSearch clusters and serverless collections for search and analytics

Amazon RDS

Manages relational engines including PostgreSQL, MySQL, MariaDB, SQL Server, and Oracle

Amazon Redshift

Provides a managed cloud data warehouse with provisioned and serverless options

Amazon Rekognition

Analyzes images and video for objects, faces, text, moderation, and activity

Amazon Route 53

Provides authoritative DNS, domain registration, routing policies, and health checks

Amazon S3

Stores objects in buckets with durability, lifecycle, replication, and policy controls

Amazon S3 Glacier Storage Classes

Provides low-cost S3 archival classes with different retrieval times and access assumptions

Amazon SageMaker AI

Provides tools and managed infrastructure across the machine learning lifecycle

Amazon SNS

Provides managed pub-sub topics that fan messages out to multiple endpoint types

Amazon SQS

Provides managed standard and FIFO message queues

Amazon Textract

Extracts printed text, handwriting, tables, forms, and document structure

Amazon Transcribe and Polly

Combines AWS speech-to-text through Transcribe with text-to-speech through Polly

Amazon VPC

Provides isolated AWS networks with subnets, routing, gateways, and security controls

AMPLS — Azure Monitor Private Link Scope

Groups supported Azure Monitor resources for private-link access design.

APIM — API Management

Publishes and governs APIs through managed gateway capabilities.

ARM — Azure Resource Manager

Provides Azure's resource deployment and management control plane.

AS (availability) — Availability Set

Distributes supported Azure virtual machines across platform fault and update domains.

ASG — Application Security Group

Groups Azure network interfaces for application-oriented security rules.

ASR — Azure Site Recovery

Orchestrates supported workload replication and recovery.

AVD — Azure Virtual Desktop

Provides Azure-hosted desktop and application virtualization.

AVM — Azure Verified Modules

Provides standardized, maintained infrastructure modules for supported Azure deployment tooling.

AWS

the cloud that started the cloud

AWS App Runner

Builds and runs web services from source code or container images with managed operations

AWS Backup

Centralizes policy-based backup across supported AWS services

AWS Batch

Plans and runs containerized batch workloads using managed compute environments and queues

AWS CloudFormation

Models and provisions AWS resources from declarative templates and stacks

AWS CodeBuild

Compiles source, runs tests, and produces artifacts on managed build environments

AWS Config

Records resource configuration and evaluates it against managed or custom rules

AWS Cost Explorer

Visualizes AWS usage and cost trends and supports forecasts and recommendations

AWS Direct Connect

Creates dedicated network connections from customer locations to AWS

AWS Elastic Beanstalk

Deploys applications while orchestrating AWS compute, scaling, and load balancing resources

AWS Glue

Provides serverless data integration, cataloging, and ETL capabilities

AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM)

Controls AWS principals, roles, policies, and resource access

AWS Key Management Service

Creates and controls keys integrated with AWS services and applications

AWS Lambda

Runs event-driven functions with managed scaling and per-invocation execution

AWS Migration Hub

Tracks and orchestrates application migrations across AWS and partner tools

AWS Secrets Manager

Stores, retrieves, and rotates secrets for applications and databases

AWS Security Hub

Aggregates AWS security findings and evaluates resources against security standards

AWS Site-to-Site VPN

Creates managed IPsec tunnels between AWS networks and customer gateways

AWS Step Functions

Coordinates distributed applications using state machines

AWS WAF

Protects supported AWS web endpoints with configurable inspection rules

AWS X-Ray

Traces requests through distributed AWS applications and service maps

AZ — Availability Zone

Groups physically separate datacenter infrastructure within a supported Azure region.

Azure

Microsoft's cloud — enterprise & gov favorite

Azure AI Document Intelligence

Extracts text, tables, key-value pairs, and document-specific fields

Azure AI Search

Provides full-text, vector, semantic, and AI-enriched search indexes

Azure AI Speech

Provides speech recognition, synthesis, translation, and related voice capabilities

Azure AI Vision

Provides image analysis, OCR, spatial analysis, and vision model capabilities

Azure API Management

Provides gateways, policies, developer portals, and API lifecycle management

Azure App Service

Hosts web apps and APIs on managed Windows or Linux application runtimes

Azure Application Insights

Provides application performance monitoring, tracing, dependency maps, and diagnostics

Azure Backup

Provides centralized backup policies and recovery for Azure and hybrid workloads

Azure Batch

Creates and manages pools of compute nodes for parallel and high-performance batch jobs

Azure Blob Archive Tier

Places blob data in an offline archive tier that must be rehydrated before use

Azure Blob Storage

Stores massive amounts of object data in containers with access tiers and lifecycle policies

Azure Container Apps

Runs microservices and jobs on serverless containers with revisions and event-driven scaling

Azure Container Registry

Stores private container images and OCI artifacts with Azure integration

Azure Cosmos DB

Provides globally distributed multi-model NoSQL APIs with tunable consistency

Azure Cosmos DB for PostgreSQL

Distributes PostgreSQL tables across nodes for horizontally scalable relational workloads

Azure Data Factory

Orchestrates data movement and transformation through managed pipelines and connectors

Azure Databricks

Provides an Azure-integrated Databricks lakehouse and Apache Spark platform

Azure DNS

Hosts public and private DNS zones using Azure infrastructure

Azure Event Grid

Routes discrete Azure and custom events to handlers using subscriptions and filters

Azure ExpressRoute

Extends on-premises networks into Microsoft cloud through private connectivity providers

Azure Files

Offers managed SMB and NFS file shares accessible from cloud or on-premises systems

Azure Front Door

Provides global HTTP acceleration, load balancing, CDN, and web application protection

Azure Functions

Runs event-triggered functions with bindings to Azure and external services

Azure Key Vault Keys

Protects cryptographic keys with software or hardware-backed vaults

Azure Key Vault Secrets

Stores secrets with Azure identity, access policy, logging, and versioning

Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS)

Provides managed Kubernetes integrated with Azure identity, networking, and monitoring

Azure Load Balancer

Provides Layer 4 load balancing for public and private Azure endpoints

Azure Log Analytics

Queries and analyzes logs stored in Azure Monitor workspaces

Azure Logic Apps

Builds integration workflows with managed connectors and visual or code-based definitions

Azure Machine Learning

Provides managed workspaces, training, model registry, endpoints, and MLOps

Azure Managed Disks

Provides managed block volumes for Azure virtual machines

Azure Managed Instance for Apache Cassandra

Runs managed Cassandra clusters compatible with Cassandra tools and protocols

Azure Managed Redis

Provides managed Redis-compatible in-memory data structures and clustering

Azure Migrate

Provides discovery, assessment, dependency analysis, and migration tooling for Azure

Azure Monitor

Collects and analyzes Azure metrics, logs, traces, and alerts

Azure OpenAI Service

Provides Azure-hosted access to selected OpenAI models with enterprise cloud controls

Azure Pipelines

Runs CI and CD pipelines across languages, repositories, and target platforms

Azure Policy

Audits, denies, modifies, or deploys configuration requirements for Azure resources

Azure Resource Manager Templates

Deploy Azure resource graphs declaratively using JSON templates and parameters

Azure Service Bus Queues

Provides enterprise message queues with sessions, transactions, and dead-lettering

Azure Service Bus Topics

Provides durable topic subscriptions with filters and enterprise messaging features

Azure SQL Database

Provides a managed SQL Server-compatible relational database service

Azure Stream Analytics

Runs SQL-like realtime stream processing over Azure event inputs

Azure Synapse Analytics

Combines enterprise data warehousing, Spark, and data integration experiences

Azure Virtual Machines

Runs Windows and Linux virtual machines with selectable sizes, disks, and networking

Azure Virtual Network

Provides private Azure networks, subnets, routing, peering, and service connectivity

Azure VPN Gateway

Connects Azure virtual networks to on-premises or other networks using IPsec VPN

Azure Web Application Firewall

Protects Azure application delivery services with managed and custom web rules

Backpressure

Signals producers to slow down when consumers or buffers are saturated

BGP — Border Gateway Protocol

Exchanges route reachability between routing peers.

CAP Theorem

States that a partitioned replicated system must trade off consistency and availability

CAPEX — Capital Expenditure

Describes spending treated as capital investment.

Causal Consistency

Preserves the order of operations that could have influenced one another

Cloud Run functions

Runs event-driven functions integrated with Google Cloud events and Cloud Run

Cloudflare

edge network for security, speed, and serverless

Consensus Algorithm

Makes distributed participants agree on ordered state despite failures

DaaS — Desktop as a Service

Provides hosted desktops through a service model.

Data Replication

Maintains copies of data or logs across multiple nodes

Data Sharding

Partitions records across nodes by a routing rule

DCE (Azure) — Data Collection Endpoint

Provides connection information for supported Azure Monitor data collection and access scenarios.

DCR — Data Collection Rule

Defines supported Azure Monitor data collection and processing behavior.

Distributed Lease

Grants time-limited ownership that must be renewed

Distributed Lock

Coordinates exclusive access across networked processes

Distributed Systems

Coordinates independent networked computers as one logical service

DR — Disaster Recovery

Restores technology services after a major disruption.

Elastic Load Balancing

Distributes application and network traffic across AWS targets

ER — ExpressRoute

Provides private connectivity between customer networks and Microsoft cloud services.

Eventual Consistency

Allows temporary replica divergence while guaranteeing convergence after updates stop

FaaS — Function as a Service

Runs event-driven functions on managed execution infrastructure.

Firebase

google's backend platform for apps

Google App Engine

Hosts applications on managed standard or flexible runtime environments

Google Artifact Registry

Stores container images and language packages with Google Cloud controls

Google BigQuery

Provides a serverless data warehouse for large-scale SQL analytics

Google Cloud Apigee

Provides full-lifecycle API management, analytics, security, and developer experiences

Google Cloud Archive Storage

Provides a low-cost Cloud Storage class for long-term data retention

Google Cloud Armor

Provides DDoS defense and web application filtering at Google's edge

Google Cloud Backup and DR

Provides centralized backup and disaster recovery for supported Google Cloud workloads

Google Cloud Batch

Schedules and executes batch jobs on automatically provisioned Google Cloud resources

Google Cloud Bigtable

Provides a low-latency wide-column database for large operational and analytical workloads

Google Cloud Billing

Manages billing accounts, reports, budgets, exports, and cost controls

Google Cloud Build

Runs containerized build steps and produces deployable artifacts

Google Cloud CDN

Caches HTTP content at Google's global edge locations

Google Cloud Data Fusion

Provides a managed graphical data integration service built around pipelines and connectors

Google Cloud Dataflow

Runs Apache Beam pipelines for unified stream and batch processing

Google Cloud Dataproc

Runs managed Spark, Hadoop, and related open-source data tools

Google Cloud DNS

Provides managed authoritative public and private DNS zones

Google Cloud Document AI

Uses processors to classify documents and extract structured information

Google Cloud Eventarc

Routes Google Cloud and custom events to supported service destinations

Google Cloud Filestore

Provides managed NFS file servers for Google Cloud workloads

Google Cloud Firestore

Provides a serverless document database with realtime client synchronization capabilities

Google Cloud IAM

Controls who can perform which actions on Google Cloud resources

Google Cloud Infrastructure Manager

Deploys Google Cloud infrastructure from managed Terraform configurations

Google Cloud Interconnect

Provides dedicated or partner private connectivity to Google Cloud VPC networks

Google Cloud Key Management Service

Manages software and hardware-backed encryption keys for Google Cloud workloads

Google Cloud Load Balancing

Provides managed global and regional application and network load balancers

Google Cloud Logging

Collects, searches, analyzes, and routes Google Cloud and application logs

Google Cloud Memorystore

Provides managed Valkey, Redis, and Memcached services

Google Cloud Migration Center

Provides discovery, assessment, planning, and migration recommendations for Google Cloud

Google Cloud Monitoring

Provides metrics, dashboards, uptime checks, and alerting for cloud services

Google Cloud Organization Policy

Applies centralized constraints to resources across an organization hierarchy

Google Cloud Platform (GCP)

a cloud platform for compute, data, and ai services

Google Cloud Pub/Sub

Provides global asynchronous messaging with topics and subscriptions

Google Cloud Run

Runs request-driven or job containers on a fully managed serverless platform

Google Cloud Secret Manager

Stores versioned secrets protected by Google Cloud IAM and audit logging

Google Cloud Spanner

Provides horizontally scalable relational transactions with global consistency options

Google Cloud Speech APIs

Provides Speech-to-Text and Text-to-Speech services

Google Cloud SQL

Manages MySQL, PostgreSQL, and SQL Server databases

Google Cloud Storage

Stores objects in buckets with regional and multi-region placement and storage classes

Google Cloud Tasks

Dispatches managed asynchronous tasks to HTTP targets with scheduling and retries

Google Cloud Trace

Collects and analyzes distributed latency traces for applications

Google Cloud Vision AI

Provides pretrained and custom services for image and video understanding

Google Cloud VPC

Provides global virtual networks with regional subnets and cloud resource connectivity

Google Cloud VPN

Connects peer networks to Google Cloud VPCs through managed IPsec VPN tunnels

Google Cloud Workflows

Orchestrates Google Cloud services and HTTP APIs with managed workflow execution

Google Compute Engine

Runs customizable virtual machines on Google Cloud infrastructure

Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE)

Provides managed Kubernetes with standard and autopilot operating modes

Google Persistent Disk

Provides durable network block storage for Compute Engine instances

Google Security Command Center

Centralizes Google Cloud posture, vulnerability, and threat findings

Google Vertex AI

Provides a unified platform for training, deploying, evaluating, and governing AI models

GRS — Geo-Redundant Storage

Replicates Azure storage to a secondary region.

GZRS — Geo-Zone-Redundant Storage